Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac death happens more these days. There are so many people alone in the United States who just stops breathing with no heart disease involved. So why did their heart stop? There are so many researchers out there trying to figure out the underlying cause of these people who this happen to. There can be other reason why a person’s heart can stop without having a cardiac disease. A person’s body may store minerals that control the arrhythmia of the heart to act a different way. An example would be like too much potassium stored in ones body can actually stop the heart. This usually will happen more frequent in patients who receive dialysis on a regular basis; they depend on that to excrete fluids from the kidneys. There could be other health issues that could cause your heart to beat differently or to cause other underlying issues to put your heart in more stress. Some of these health issues would be diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases and hypertension. These can be fatal to ones heart if not taken care of properly. In the article, â€Å"Sudden cardiac arrest without overt heart disease† it actually talks about an investigation on a survivor from cardiac arrest. In this investigation Dr. Modi and Dr. Krahn do some testing and get some family background information. First they found out that through this survivor their family history was not cardiac related at all. They ran a test called baseline electrolyte and metabolic testing to look at the cardiac electricity. This is to see if was related to the cardiac arrest. Coronary imaging was another test the doctors ran and didn’t show any abnormalities. Usually this type of test is to see if the patient has any coronary artery disease especially the ones with previous symptoms of shortness of breath or chest pain. Echocardiography is to detect congenital heart defects and checks for cardiomyopathy. This is usually performed in a cath lab and watched very closely. They look at all the ventricles of the heart as well. A stress test is used to see how well your heart does under stress. You are hooked up to ecg machine and it looks at your QT waves. This is a very popular test that is runned for patients with previous cardiac symptoms. There is also a more advanced imaging test they can run which is a MRI. This is more detailed when it comes to detecting things like an infection of the heart called myocarditis. The last test that was taken was a 12 lead EKG. This is a simple and fast test. This can see if a patient has tachycardia (fast heartbeat), Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), PVCs(Premature ventricular contractions) and other arrhythmia issues. Sometimes the EKG doesn’t catch it because it literally is a 5 second test. The other way is to wear a heart monitor that you can wear from 20-30 days. This is a sure way to find out if there is an issue. There has been an instance where a patient has a normal sinus rhythm at the doctors office and then wears a heart monitor will find something on it. It can be quite scary! Luckily they have medicine for lots of these cardiac issues. Medicines can vary from beta blockers to cholesterol pills to take on a daily basis. The beta blockers are simply to regulate blood pressure and heart rate; and cholesterol pills that help lowers it to keep from the arteries to get filled with plaque which can later cause a heart attack. Sometimes with these medications there are risks that can happen with all the side effects. Some people never have side effects and others do. The only way to help that is to typically have surgery or if it’s not bad enough just live your life. Unfortunately you can’t control everything but just be cautious. Finally with all the tests and medications out there to help diagnose why this person had a sudden cardiac arrest there is more testing that needs to be performed to get more answers. The doctors are considering doing genetic testing . They believe this might help with future cardiac arrests don’t to happen. Although there are many tests that were talked about like MRI, stress tests, EKG, Cath lab procedures and even medicines can’t control what might happen to anyone. With all this technology we can only do so much and protect only what we know. Hopefully with more research there will be a better outcome.

Why Did the Us Enter World War I

Why did the United States enter World War I in 1917? On June 28th 1914, Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian archduke, and his wife were murdered by a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo Princip. This assassination triggered declarations of war. Firstly, this gave Austria a reason to attack Serbia. This then led to Russia mobilizing their army in order to defend Serbia, which then led to Germany executing â€Å"The Plan† and attacking France through Belgium. The domino effect continued and war broke out due to a mixture of things.Alliances played a great role in the war, as each nations began forming and expanding their militaries. The war was â€Å"Central Powers† vs. â€Å"Allied Powers†. The central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and Romania (which changed sides half way through the war). The Allied Powers consisted of France, USSR, The British Empire, Serbia and the USA. The United States initially wanted to stay out of the war mainly because they declared that they would be a â€Å"neutral† nation that only acts as a â€Å"peacemaker†.President Wilson declared numerous time that â€Å"The United States was too proud to fight† and would not be entering the war. He also mentioned that the U. S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare. Before America’s entry, The U. S-German relations were neutral. They were not much involved with each other apart from political and labor relations. America’s opinion changed throughout the war after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram and because of the European alliances that America was involved with.America’s entry in World War 1 in 1917 was based on a number of key factors Economics, Retaliation and Pre-emption. Economics – .. At the time, the US had large economic investments with the British and French. If Germany was to win the war it was not clear what would happen to those investments. Protecting France and Britain was therefore in a way protecting their investment. If the U. S. joined the war, their strong military forces, especially allied with France, Britain and USSR, would substantially increase the chance of winning.Retaliation – One of Germany’s great t=strengths was it’s submarine fleet. By controlling the seas the Germans would be able to destroy the shipment of arms to the allies. Their prime reason for sinking the Lusitania was the German belief that their were weapons on board. Unfortunately the Germans killed 128 American nationals when they torpedoed the Lusitania. This was a key contributing fact to the US joining the wasr on the side of the Allies two years later. Prevention – One of the main reasons for the US entry in to the war however was the Zimmerman Telegram.This was a proposal from Germany to Mexico asking them to go to war against the U. S. Germany did this in the hope that by keeping the US engaged close to home with a lo cal war, it would be prevented from entering the war in European. . However, when the U. S. found out about this coded communication which was intercepted by the British,, they saw this as an act of aggression by Germany and in order to pre-emp being drawn in to the war on someone else’s terms decided to pre-empt the situation and take matters in to their own hands.Interestingly no one has seen the telegram itself and accordingly some believed that Britain made it up in order to get America involved in the war. The major objective for U. S. ’s entry in the war was its wish to have greater influence in post-war Europe, especially with their newly acquired economic strength. Even though when America joined World War 1 it was already coming to an end, their entry did make an impact on the war. In the short term, their entry was a downside as it almost caused German victory.Germany was well aware that the American troops would overwhelm the Germans when they would arrive, so Germany launched a massive offensive to gain victory before America could transport enough troops into Europe, however the offensive ended up halting and turning back just outside of Paris. In the long term, America’s entry was an upside because, as the war was already coming to an end, both sides were exhausted. America was fresh and ready to fight a war, which helped motivate the Allies. The U. S. brought new equipment and military force which was a gain for the Allies and helped win the war.The U. S. entered the war at the right time because they did manage to bring fresh troops and new equipment into Europe. Before the Lusitania, America did not have any reason to enter the war. It would also have been going against their will to be neutral. Their entry did impact positively, however may not have been necessary and did go against their initial plan. It also caused America to make some enemies in Europe, which ended up causing them to be sucked into more European issues . Positively, it also bonded the U. S. with many European nations, which were very strong politically and economically.

Arguments in Akbar’s the Great

Arguments in Akbar’s the Great Akbar was living in the mid 1500’s and the early 1600’s. Akbar lived in india. Akbar was only 14 years of age when he took over the throne and surpassed his father. 1564 was the year that akbar was almost assassinated and killed buy a bullet. The bullet did not kill him it only struck his shoulder and Akbar lived. Shortly after this Akbar the Great took the reigns of the mughal empire and he took over the empire. A anti mughal coalistin that was maniley a bunch of afghanis tried to pull of something out of the ordinary, They tried to recapture the throne, it didn’t turn out that well because they loses the battle against the Mughals, The mughals are akbar’s empire.Akbar was an ambitos and noble commander. Akbar built one of the biggest armies known to the mughal empire. One barrier that akbar happen to come across was the afghanis in india. The afghanis where one of the most dangerous to the mughal empire.Akbar declared his intentions to reclaim the rights to the throne at the delhi. The huge mughal empire moved to panipat to conquer and the Mughals faced hemu’s. One of the biggest problem here is that hemu’s army was giant. Even bigger than the Mughals. Even 3x larger than it. It was almost impossible for the mughals to defeat hemu’s army. So Akbar’s hope for the throne is almost gone at this point. But the Mughals army was smarter than hemu’s because the mughals struck the leader of the hemu’s. When a empire or an army doesn’t have a leader they don’t know what they do so they surrendered and akbar took over the throne again. Thesis Akbar was an Agent of change because he was so powerful he extended his empire at 14 years of age, he revised the tax system and he was religiously open minded . Argument 1 Evidence 1 Akbar ruled through cooperation and tolerance. Akbar did not make any of the hindu population/ people convert to islam if they didn’t want to. Akbar also was able to translate hindi literature he was very welcoming of other religions as he was a very curious person. Argument 1 Evidence 2 Akbar the great was a fabulous general and he extended on his military development throughout his reign when akbar died his empire continued Argument 1 Evidence 3 In creation of his empire akbar had a lot of success because of that he created his empire and as a result of that he was able to earn trust and loyalty from the people who conquered him and then Akbar conquered them. Argument 2 Evidence 1 He inherited small fiefs but he was able to achieve stability, and over time he won control of northern india and the afghanis. By the time he dies he ruled from afghanistan to sindu. He was able to do that because he was a great and smart ruler who a lot of people respected. By his strategies to conquer and expand Argument 2 Evidence 2 Akbar the Great revised the tax system in 1574. When Akbar did this he separated the revenue collection from the military administration. Who was in charge of this stuff, you might ask? Well each subban or governor was to maintain order in his region. While all of this was going on a separate tax collector collected these property taxes and sent them to the capital. Argument 2 Evidence 3 The Stuff in evidence 2 supports this. That created checks and balances. In regions they didn’t have much money so the people otherwise known as the individuals, they had no troops. But the troops had no money, the troops and the individuals were dependent on the main source†¦ The central government. What the central government did was they doled out fixed salaries to both the military and civilian personnel according to rank. Argument 3 Evidence 1 Akbar was a really religious guy. He went to a lot of religious festivals even when it wasn’t even his own religion. Akbar built a temple in this certain temple he hosted scholars, they came from different religions. Those religions included hindus, zoroastrians, christians, yogis, and muslims of other sects. He allowed the jesuits to confront a church at agra. Argument 3 evidence 2 Not everybody really thought that the Temple was a good idea. They thought that multiculturalism wasn’t a good idea. Akbar was called a â€Å"heretic†. Mid way 1579 a mazer or declaration was issued that granted Akbar The Great the authority to interpret religious law, superseding the authority of the mullahs. This became known as the infallibility decree, and it furthered akbar’s ability to create an interreligious and multi cultural state. Argument 3 evidence 3 In 1582 Akbar had established a new cult, a cult is (a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister.) But this wasn’t really a small group it was relatively large. The Din-i-ilahi, or otherwise known as ‘Divine faith†, that combined a bunch of elements of a bunch of different religions, that also included islam, hinduism and the zoroastrianism. What this faith did was it centered around Akbar The Great as a prophet or a spiritual leader. This faith Died when Akbar died.

Nintendo Co Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nintendo Co Ltd - Essay Example In this study we will try and evaluate the key strategic issue that Nintendo is facing and what are their current strategic options. The three major players in the industry are Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony. For all the players the market is broadly being divided into two major segments such as the hardware segment and the software or the gaming segment. Though there is a major drift in sales for all the three major companies in the recent year we can analyze their positions and strength from the data of the previous year that is 2008. Nintendo noted a 49 percent market share for their consoles i.e. Wii and about a 73% market share for the handheld, which are called the DS. (Elliot, 2008) So it is quite evident Nintendo is a market leader in the hardware segment of the industry. Also notably there were five gaming software made by Nintendo which acquired the top ten spot of NPD software (Elliot, 2008). So the constant mix of the quality hardware and innovative software making Nintendo a prospective leader in the industry. Sony’s product in the hardware segment called the PS3 attributed a growth of 99% on ye ar-to-year basis (2008). Apart from that, though Nintendo is the market leader in the hardware segment. According to the Consumer Behavior Report of 2007 Nintendo’s consoles are readily accepted by the target consumers. But Sony’s playstation (which is their hardware console) recorded over 10 million accounts all over the world. But the USP of Sony remains with the innovativeness and varieties of gaming software they introduce with quick succession. According to Microsoft, their hardware product Xbox 360 enjoys a 49% market share in USA. Also Xbox 360 title, a product in the software segment accounts for 34% in software sales for July 2008. (Elliot, 2008) Though Nintendo is more successful in developing game platforms, but the real focus of the company is on producing games rather than only platforms. (Ackerson, 2008).

Political Asylum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Asylum - Case Study Example They found high social costs of monopoly in both economies, emphasizing that their social cost estimates were, in contrast to Posner, for private monopoly power. As will be argued later, the empirical magnitude of rent-seeking costs is now a matter of some controversy in the literature. There are many empirical consequences on the social expenses of rent seeking, depending on the methodology, coverage, and economy analyzed by the author. Krueger (1974) recommended that 7 percent of Indian GNP was wasted in rent seeking and 15 percent of Turkish GNP was lost because of rent seeking for import licenses. Posner (1975) estimated that as much as 3 percent of U.S. GNP was lost because of the social costs of monopolization throughout regulation. These are clearly substantial sums of money in any economy. Cowling and Mueller (1978) consequential a guesstimate that the rent seeking and deadweight costs of private monopoly in the United States was 13 percent of gross corporate product. (Ekelund, pp 13-19) The consequenThe consequences of the different studies are summarized in table 1. In one sense, the table shows the importance of the rent-seeking insight. No longer can the costs of tariffs, monopolies, and theft be called a trivial problem in virtually any economy. These are commonly not little numbers. Table # 1 Estimates of the Costs of Rent Seeking STUDY ECONOMY YEAR RENT-SEEKING COSTS Krueger India 1964 7% GNP Krueger Turkey 1968 15% GNP (trade sector) Posner U.S. Various Years 3% GNP (regulation) Cowling U.S. 1963-66 13% GCP* and Mueller (private monopoly) Cowling U.K. 1968-69 7% GCP* and Mueller (private monopoly) Ross Kenya 1980 38% GDP (trade sector) Mohammand India 1980-81 25-40% GNP and Whalley Laband U.S. 1992 50% GNP and Sophocleus Regression- Various Various Years Up to 45% GNP Based Studies Countries * Cowling and Mueller (1978) use gross corporate product as the basis of their calculation. This consequence suppose a labor market balance in which, for example, a lawyer's wage is an exact proxy for his chance cost as an engineer and in which the lawyer is indifferent at the margin with respect to option of occupation. Keep in mind the above point that rents are not transfers or bribes but must be expended in real assets devoted to regulatory favor seeking. Cowling and Mueller (1978) also create the major point that since a lot of rent seeking costs are unseen in business expenses, there is a bias toward underestimation in the way most studies calculate rents. That is, observed rents will understate the true costs of rent seeking. Magee takes the analysis a step additional by seem to be at the rent-seeking costs of containing an extra lawyer in the legislature. He estimates that each additional lawyer in the U.S. Congress costs more than $1 billion. For a similar exercise, see Joseph Phillips in an appendix to Baran and Sweezy (1966), who expected the "cost" of monopoly capitalism at 56 percent of

Excel 1 Assignment-- Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Excel 1 -- - Assignment Example The new value was used to determine the percentage reduction for each category. The findings show that both salaries & wages and employee benefits reduced by 10%, while the supplies and services reduced by 1% each. There were no reduction in capital outlays, central services, and transfers because values were zero. Besides, the total expenditure Arapahoe County 2014 budget reduced by 5% ($256,027). The rationale for adopting such a method aims to reduce the funds that originated from the general funds because those were the only funds that were impacted. Besides, the approach ensured we keep intact the essential services. From the analysis of the budgetary expenditure of the County Attorney Department, it is apparent that a percentage reduction of 10% is likely to reduce to the general budget by 5%. Therefore, department needs to adopt and implement a reduction of 10 percent. A reduction of departmental salaries, & wages, and employee benefit will reflect a similar reduction margin for the Arapahoe County budget. Although the salaries, wages, and employees result in 10% reduction, the suppliers and services reduce by 1%. We need to reduce the expenditures originating from the general funds by 10 % to 1 %, which I think is possible to ensure our institutions is in a better position to handle the problem of increasing spending. The impact of these changes brings a reduction of the total budget by 5%, which is a significant step toward the realisation of spending adjustment. It should be noted that my recommendation did take into account all the source of expenditures that come from the general fund. Th erefore, this should not raise an alarm but should act as a model for future decision-making. The model aims to achieve exactly 10% reduction from the general fund to ensure availability of funds for another department that has scaled up their activities and hence need additional funds. For that reason, the department should provide some measures are in place to

Arguments for and against Foreign Direct Investment In Developing Essay

Arguments for and against Foreign Direct Investment In Developing Countries - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that foreign direct investment (FDI) is direct venture into business in a country by a company from another country. This can be either by buying a company in the intended country or by increasing operations of an open business in that country. In actual practice, FDI attraction may be  different in various countries. In this respect, technology, market access, growth, poverty reduction and the foreign direct investment outcomes of a country are extremely significant. Other aspects such as damages to the environment, regions and local capabilities are considered to be negative in a countries economy. For the last two decades, increased technological and liberalization advances have resulted into increased growth in the flow of FDI. This means that foreign direct investment gained in share of domestic investment and gross domestic product (GDP) in many countries. It is done for numerous reasons that involve taking advantage of low cost wages or for exceptional investment privileges like rewards to obtain a link that is tariff-free towards the countries markets or the regional market through the use of tax holidays granted to the company. Foreign direct investment is the submissiveness in security investments of various countries such that it comes in the form of securities and other investments being contrast with portfolio investments. The national accounts of a country, that relate to the equation of national income (Y=C+I+G+(X-M)) where I is investment plus foreign investment, The inflow minus outflow that amount to Net inflows of investment, is at least 10% or more of voting stash in an enterprise operating in an economy apart from that of the investor. It is the sum of other long-term capital, short-term capital and owners’ capital as frequently shown in the balance of payment. Transfer of technology & expertise, management involvement and joint venture are means used. The FDI may be both inward and outward, resulting in a net inflow that is positive or negative and "stock of foreign direct investment" that sums up the number for a given period. International factor investment is one example of FDI. Perspective FDI is the form of FDI that arises whenever a company ensures that its country-based income is duplicated using the similar stage chain in the hosting country by use of FDI. Podium FDI, and Vertical FDI that arises whenever a firm shifts upstream through FDI and downstream in various chain value through performing activities that adds value in a vertical fashion stage of a host country. The reduction in the international trade is attributed to the horizontal FDI as the most of them is usually move towards the host country while other two types generally act as a stimulus for it. Foreign direct investor gives out the power of voting of an enterprise within an economy by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary / company anywhere, acquire shares in an associated enterprise, merger or acquire an unrelated enterprise, or participating in an equity joint venture with another financier or enterprise (Borensztein & De Gregorio, 2008). FDI incentives may take the following forms; Low individual income tax & corporation tax rates, tax holidays, preferential tariffs, which could be, a tax on a countries’ exports or imports inside and outside of a country, or a price schedule for services like as train service, buses route, and electricity usage, special economic zones(It involves a geographical region having economic and different laws that encourage the free-market. Export processing zones, bonded warehouses, â€Å"Maquiladoras† which is a Mexican name for manufacturing operations within a free trade zone(FTZ), where firms import material and equipment on a duty & tariff- free assembly basis, and manufacturing processing. After this, the assembled export are manufactured, and processed to give out finished products. In other situatio ns, raw materials are send to the origin country. Investment financial subsidies, soft loan or guarantees, free land or subsidies, relocation

Compare and Contrast Meiosis vs Mitosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and Contrast Meiosis vs Mitosis - Essay Example The chromosomes that are created in the meiotic process contain dual copies of chromosomes that come from mother parent cell as well as father parent cell. In the end, in place of two cells, four cells are created having different chromosomes. The cells are not identical to the parent cells. The division in mitosis results in two pair of cells that are same as the parent cells while the four pair of cells created in meiotic process are not similar to the parent cells2. In mitotic process of cell division, the number of chromosomes produced in daughter cells is also similar to the number of chromosomes of parent cells. Mitotic cell division comes under the category of asexual reproduction while meiotic cell division comes under the category of sexual category. The mitotic asexual reproduction permits an organism to have duplicated versions of the original cell. Because of similarity of the offspring, the result of asexual reproduction is not diversified in asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction through meiosis results in gametes or spores found in animals and plants on earth3. The process of meiosis results in created of two copies of chromosomes, one from each father cell and mother cell resulting in four cells with one chromosomal copy of the parent cells. The results are diverse as the parental DNA get mixed and result in variety of cells. The offspring are diversified as compared to the parent cells through which, dissimilarity and variety can be found within the inhabitants4. The process of mitosis is responsible for cellular reproduction. It also enables general development and restoration of the body and cells. On the other hand, the process of meiosis is responsible for sexual reproduction5. The cell division in all organisms occurs through the process of mitosis while cell division in human beings, animals, plants and fungi occurs through the process of meiosis. Mitosis occurs in the somatic cells of the body that are accountable for constructing the body while meiosis occurs in the sex cells of the body responsible for reproduction. Mitosis cell division has one round of cell development while meiotic cell division has two rounds of cell development called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The phases that occur stepwise in cell division are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase in mitosis while in meiosis, the phases are double, following the same sequence as in Mitosis. The mitosis cell division produces two similar daughter cells identical to the parent cells while the meiosis cell division produces four diverse daughter cells dissimilar to the parent cells6. The daughter cells in meiosis are called haploid gametes. In mitosis cell division, the chromosomes are not able to get muddled up while in meiosis cell division, the chromosomes get combined resulting in diverse cells. The number of chromosomes in the mitotic cell division is the same as in parent cells while the number of chromosomes in the meiotic cell division is chan ged and is half as compared to parental cells. The parental cell that is able to divide in mitosis can be haploid or diploid while the parental cell that is able to divide in meiosis can be diploid only. The events known as crossing over and synapsis occur in meiosis I while these events do not happen in mitosis. There is genetic identity in mitotic division while genetic variation can be seen in meiotic division7. Vegetative

Young Australians & the U.N Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Young Australians & the U.N - Essay Example I know my input can help shape the community and make a difference to other young people. Being a Committee member will give the individual a valuable opportunity to build their skill base by gaining leadership experience, an in-depth knowledge of the youth sector, and build networks within the business and community sector.† (Adam Smith, Deputy Chair of The Foundation for Young Australians). Also United Nations Youth Associations of Australia is a significant voice for the youth of Australia. They play an important role in the education of every youth as each individual is looked upon as the next leader of the country. Youth speak are between the age group of 12 to 25years. Ben Groom the elected Australian youth representative to the United Nations Spent five months traveling around Australia and collecting issues to be represented at the UN. The Australian Youth Representative to the United Nations is a member of the Australian Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in New York. Once selected, the Youth Representative has the challenging but amazing task of consulting with a substantial proportion of Australia’s youth population. The broad goal of the consultation phase is to equip the Youth Representative with a comprehensive mandate of youth representation that may be outside the normal scope of their experiences as a young person. This will assist greatly in the preparation of the Youth Representative’s address to the General Assembly. (Australian Youth Representative to UN, 2007) Ben Groom is the 2007 Australian youth Representative to the UN. On 9th October Ben addressed the UN and the issues represented were due to insufficient rains many were facing drought. â€Å"Young people are the most effective agents of change. The world can harness this energy by strengthening the role of education and training in global climate change solutions. Australian youth have already proven we can

Slow Food Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Slow Food Movement - Research Paper Example The movement has 850 chapters, also known as local convivias, and they serve as the expressions for the movement’s ideology. Convivias nurture the relationship between the producers, appoint other convivia to attend to international events and organize events to try foods. The movement started in Bra, Italy the hometown of the founder, and then merged with another group in America that liked the ideas. The organization aimed at ensuring that the food does not cause harm to consumers but brings joy. The snail is the symbol of the movement as it moves slowly and eats during the journeys. The group undertakings aim at conservation of biodiversity in the food supply, train on taste and consolidate the producers and co-producers by conducting various events (Malatesta et al 5). The conservation of diversity comes amidst a period in which the world faces with the issues of convenience foods as well as agribusiness. Biodiversity reduces the spread of diseases between different plants as well as preserve soil fertility. It insists on the awareness of the general population on the safety of the food taken that is food should be free from contamination. The movement has about 80,000 members, which profoundly strengthens the movement, as it is accessible to all through its grassroots associates. The philosophy of the movement is the study of the quality of the food and taking the time to enjoy the food in a simple way to impart the daily life with joy (Malatesta et al 3). The movement considers consumers as co-producers because consumers they support the producers in preparation of food and usually get informed on food preparation. The movement obtains funds from various events, books and journal sales as well as the membership payments. The other sources of fund ing are the contributors or well-wishers, and institutions such as universities. The movement has an enormous budget distribution although it receives some subsides from the government book sales, membership payments (Malatesta et al 37). The philosophy of slow food is that food is more than just cooking and eating and that food should taste delicious, produced in a clean environment, and the producers should receive compliments for the good work (Malatesta et al 3). According to Julia Middleton, slow food is a concept, an approach of life and an approach of eating (Weir 10). Slow food educates the public on the production of healthy and wholesome food that is food prepared from the full raw materials. The major concerns within the movement circulate around good, clean and decent food to the co-producers. According to the book, the word good stands for delicious and nourishing food. The movement makes emphasis on the culture and the general population. The fair bit applies when the rich and the poor continue to enjoy healthy cooking and the farmers receive fair wages for their products (Weir 10). Clean indicates that the food sources for slow movement are safe and grown under proper agricultural practices (Weir 10). Most people within the community prefer local grown foods, as they are fresher than exported foods. Purchasing local food improves the local economy, protects green space, protect natural resources (Palmer 6). The movement carries out various projects in defense of biodiversity and members manage these projects around the globe (Malatesta, et al 10). Slow food utilizes the innovations and research projects from the food manufacturers and the traditional farmers (Malatesta, et al 11). Slow Food Movement has significant contributions to individuals and the community in general. Individually, the movement contributes to the good health and ensures that people eat food that contains the essential nutrients. The nutrients originate from the use

The Outsider - Oral Report Essay Example for Free

The Outsider Oral Report Essay Mersaults final and most significant revelation occurs at a point in his life where his execution is imminent. This revelation comes in the form of acceptance and understanding. At this point in the novel, he is thinking of his mother, experiencing the natural world around him, and coming to terms with his fate and resigns to it, as he has done during all other struggles he has had to face, trivial as they may have been by comparison. But this time rather than accepting it out of indifference, he accepts it by becoming a part of it. Whilst awaiting his execution, Meursault for the first time in a very long time thinks of his mother. Here, he comes to understand that no one at all had any right to cry over her, because she died at a point where she was ready to live her life again and Meursault feels the same. Rather than feeling unmoved by his mothers death and indeed her existence, he empathises and finds salvation in being able to relate his final days with hers. This shows how he has moved from being an outsider to feeling connected to his place in the system of humanity. Meursault is strongly affected by the natural world around him, but in the last few passages of the novel he finds union and peace with nature. Throughout the novel, Meursault is constantly being affected by the blinding heat of the sun, or the bitter salt of the ocean burning his lips. However, he chooses to react to it physically rather than experience it. When he describes the natural world outside during the last hours of his life, he finds it soothing and peaceful, rather than irritating. He is a part of it, he likes it and he feels it. This shows that he has embraced the natural world and become a part of another system of the universe, much the same as he relates to his mothers cycle of life. Rather than remaining emotionally disconnected and only physically hindered, he finds nature soothing and chooses to become a part of it. Meursaults final wish was for there to be a crowd of spectators at his execution and that they would greet him with cries of hatred. The fact that this thought makes him feel less lonely supports Meursaults strive to experience things honestly, without compromising his reason. He recognizes his role in society and feels comforted by being a part of it. He desires an honest reaction from the spectators in order to feel less alone, which shows the comfort he has found in accepting the truth of the final stage of his existence. The final few paragraphs of the novel show the final stage in Meursaults acceptance of everything around him, through which he finds a way of understanding and connecting with the cycle of life.

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed Polymerization Biology Essay

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed Polymerization Biology Essay Polylactic acid (PLA), the biodegradable polymer, has received increasing attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications. The general method for synthesis of PLA using chemical-catalyzed polymerization produces the catalysts residues which are toxicity. Therefore, the enzymatic polymerization is a green alternative method to decrease this problem. Several researches attempt to improve the optimal condition for synthesis of PLA by using lipase as enzymatic-catalyzed. For an example, Lassalle et al. (2008) reported the synthesis of PLA by using lipase as biocatalyst and focused on the procedure. The results found that immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% LA conversion and 55% recovered solid polymer in the reaction working at 60 Â °C for 96 h. Furthermore, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the mild reactions conditions for the ring-opening polymerization of lactides by using Novozyme 435 (immobilized CAL-B) 12% wt. concentration in toluene to synthesize the polymer at 70 Â °C, D-lactide was catalyzed and 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular weight of 3,300 g mol-1. Finally, Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) reported the synthesis of poly-L-lactide by used immobilized CAL-B (Novozyme 435) as biocatalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide at 65 Â °C could be achieved using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The L-lactide monomer could be converted as the PLA with a molecular weight 12,900 g mol-1 under the condition at a biphasic scCO2/organic liquid system media and the optimum of temperature for the lipase activity. All of these present studies are the novel route to produce the polylactic acid and relate improvement of the new biomaterials. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENT i LIST OF TABLES ii LIST OF FIGURES iii INTRODUCTION 1 Lipase 1 Polylactic acid: PLA 2 Synthesis of polylactic acid: PLA 4 3.1 The conventional process for synthesis of PLA 4 3.2 Process for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerization 5 Influence of several factors for the polymerization 6 Influence of the kind of lipase 6 Influence of the enzyme concentration 8 Influence of the monomer concentration 10 Influence of the temperature 11 The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLA 12 CONCLUSION 14 LITERATURE CITED 15 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Comparison of raw material type and possibility of recycling and biodegradation between PLA and PET polymer 3 Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction, recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a function of the kind of the different lipase 7 Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LA in scCO2 with 20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) < 0.16 13 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Chemical structure of Polylactic acid: PLA 2 2 Life cycle of PLA 3 3 Polymerization routes to PLA 4 4 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA 6 5 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435 8 6 Molecular weight as a function of conversion plots for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435 9 7 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer to toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 10 8 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different temperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ration 1:3 11 9 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperature for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ratio 1:3 12 SYNTHESIS OF POLYLACTIC ACID BY LIPASE-CATALYZED POLYMERIZATION INTRODUCTION Lipase Lipases or triacylglycerol acylhydrolases EC 3.1.1.3 are hydrolase which catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids under aqueous conditions. In addition, lipases catalyze the tranesterification of other esters under micro-aqueous conditions. The ability of lipases has received increasing attention for used as catalyze in a wide array of biotechnology industry, such as food technology, detergent, chemical industry, cosmetic, organic synthesis, biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical applications (Gupta et al., 2004; Treichel et al., 2010). Lipases are produced by various plants, animals and microorganisms. Many microorganisms which are known as producers of extracellular lipases, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Especially, bacterial lipases and fungal lipases are most widely used as a class of commercial enzymes in many applications. The important commercial microbial lipases are Achromobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Arthrobactersp., Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Chromobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. from bacteria which are used successfully in the market with several products names, such as Lumafast, Lipomax, Combizyme and Greasex (Gupta et al., 2004). Moreover, fungi produces the important commercial lipases are Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Geotrichum sp., Mucor sp., and Rhizomucor sp. (Treichel et al., 2010) which are used in the market with many products names, such as Lecitase, Lipozyme, and Novozym 435 (CAL-B). Of these, the lipases from microbial have a stability, selectivity, and broad substrate specificity for cultivation such as an applications by used substances form oil mill wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater, agroindustrial waste and corn steep liquor (Gupta et al., 2004; Treichel et al., 2010). Therefore, the recent microbial lipases have gained special industrial attention for used as biocatalyst in rapidly growing biotechnology. Polylactic acid Polylactic acid or the short name is PLA is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester which a synthetic polymer based on lactic acid (LA) and have a helical structure was shown in Figure 1. PLA derived from the fermentation of renewable resources such as corn starch, tapioca products and sugarcanes. Figure 1 Chemical structure of Polylactic acid: PLA. PLA has received increasing attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications due to PLA is a biodegradable polymer, it easily degrades by simple hydrolysis of microorganisms under the appropriate conditions (Garlotta, 2001; Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). PLA has a high-strength, high-modulus, brightness, barrier properties and good moisture management as a result of its interesting for used in packaging and composite materials for clothing applications (Garlotta, 2001). Furthermore, PLA has a biocompatible and bioabsorbable properties which can be used for wide range applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical technology, such as surgical sutures, tissue engineering scaffolds, absorbable bone plates, artificial skin, and controlled drug-release systems (Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008; Avinc and Khoddami, 2009; Hans et al., 2009). Because of its compost based on a natural substance which make a biodegradability, PLA is to be a more environmentally-friendly polymer than poly ethylene terepthalate (PET) which is derived from a synthetic petrochemical-based materials due to PLA is lower greenhouse gas emission and significant energy savings, PLA avoids the problems related to plastic waste accumulation. The result of comparison between PLA and PET polymer was shown in Table 1. Table 1 Comparison of raw material type and possibility of recycling and biodegradation between PLA and PET polymer. Indexes PLA PET Initial raw material base Renewable plant stock Petroleum products Non-renewable resources Recycling of polymer wastes Total recycling possible Total recycling possible Biodegradation of polymer wastes Total Does not degrade Source: Avinc and Khoddami (2009) PLA products are easily composted or recycled under appropriate conditions at the end of the product life. The Figure 2 show the life cycle of PLA material degrades first by microbial hydrolysis, then the carbon dioxide and water which obtained from reaction became the basic necessities for a new growth and leading to produced lactic acid (LA) for re-used as a monomer in the production of a new PLA (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). Figure 2 Life cycle of PLA. Synthesis of polylactic acid: PLA The synthesis of PLA starts with the extraction of sugars (e.g., glucose and dextrose) from natural substances which used as a substrate in fermentation of lactic acid by microorganisms. Lactic acid (LA) is the starting material for the PLA production process, through polymerization. There are two major routes to synthesize PLA from LA monomer which are showed in Figure 3 (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). Figure 3 Polymerization routes to PLA. From the Figure 3, polymerization routes to PLA are distributed as two processes, the first route is a polycondensation polymerization and the second route is a ring opening polymerization. The conventional process for synthesis of PLA The production process to synthesize PLA by polycondensation of LA is the conventional process for making PLA. This process need to carry out under high vacuum and high temperature, solvent is used to extract the water through the condensation reaction (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). However, PLA polymer products obtained tends to have low molecular weight. Therefore, the second route is improved by ring opening polymerization of LA which is condensed of water and then converted into cyclic dimer of LA or lactide for used as a monomer in ring opening polymerization. PLA polymer products obtained higher molecular weight than the first route and used milder conditions. Polymerization of PLA need to use a catalyst for supporting the conversion of LA to PLA. The catalysts are divided into two types, the first is the chemo-process which is the polymerization by used a metal as a catalyst and the second is the bio-process which is the polymerization by used a LA-polymerizing enzyme as a catalyst. The chemo-process made the residues of heavy metals based catalysts, such as oxides of Zinc (Zn) and Stannum or Tin (Sn) which are toxicity. Furthermore, the process need high purity monomers, high temperature and high vacuum for serving conditions reactions. On the other hand, the bio-process used an enzyme based catalysts such as lipases which are non-toxic. Also, PLA polymer products can be used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, polymerization reaction can be run under mild and environmentally-friendly conditions (Taguchi et al., 2008; Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008; Hans et al., 2009). Process for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerization From the advantages of the bio-process or the enzymatic-catalyst polymerization, there are several researches attempts to synthesize PLA by used enzyme as catalyst such as lipase-catalyzed in the ring opening polymerization. The reaction of polymerization can be set up follow with the Figure 4. In the reactor compounded with LA, lipase, solvent and purge gas which is used for protection to occur of the regeneration of PLA. Furthermore, the total reactions need to control the optimal temperature and reaction time. Figure 4 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA. The measurements which used to represent the properties of PLA polymer products are considered in several parameters. The important of evaluations are the conversion of LA, the molecular weight of PLA polymer products, the recovery of PLA and the recovery of lipases at the end of reactions. Influence of several factors for the polymerization Production of a good PLA, must be use a good set up reaction of polymerization. Otherwise, the influence of the several factors such as a kind of lipases, enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and temperature needs to be considered together. Influence of the kind of lipase Lassalle et al. (2008) researched the influence of the kind of lipase for the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) by using the three kind of lipases as biocatalysts. Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) from mammalian, Candida antarctica lipase B (Immobilized CAL-B) from fungal, and Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) from bacterial origin were used in the experiment. The reaction was carried out by operating of LA, lipase, and solvent at 60 oC for 96 h. The performance of the three lipases was evaluated in a term of the conversion of LA to PLA and expressed as percentage (%) conversion. Table 2 Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction, recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a function of the kind of the different lipase. Enzyme % Conversion % recovered PLA % recovered lipase Mn (Da) Imm.CAL-B 58 55 85 446 PCL 88 12 34 400 PPL 96 2 90 768 Source: Lassalle and Ferreira (2008) The result was presented in the Table 2, using the immobilized CAL-B as catalyst obtained 58% conversion of LA, 55% recovered PLA, 85% recovered lipase, and 446 Da of Molecular weight. For using PCL as catalyst obtained 88% conversion of LA, 12% recovered PLA, 34% recovered lipase, and 400 Da of Molecular weight. For using PPL as catalyst obtained 96% conversion of LA, 2% recovered PLA, 90% recovered lipase, and 768 Da of Molecular weight. From the result found that higher conversion levels were measured in the case of soluble enzymes, but only traces of solid polyesters were recovered in this cases. In contrast, amounts of solid PLA were recovered using immobilized CAL-B, and the conversion was lower than soluble lipases. For the conclusion of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% conversion of LA and 55% recovered solid polymer in the reaction working at 60 oC for 96 h. Influence of the enzyme concentration There are several researches used the immobilized CAL-B lipase for esterification reaction due to its high catalytic activity but it does not propagate in polymerization reaction. So, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the synthesis of PLA by immobilized CAL-B (Novozyme 435) catalyst in ring opening polymerization of lactide. The reaction was improved by adding nitrogen gas into the reactor for protected regeneration of PLA to LA and used toluene as a solvent for enzymatic polymerization. The objective of this study is find an optimal reaction condition such as enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and optimal temperature. Figure 5 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435. The first factor is influence of the enzyme concentration. The result was presented in Figure 5, the overall monomer conversion increases when increasing amounts of enzyme. The reaction catalyzed with 25 wt.-% of enzyme up to 100% monomer conversion after 2 days, while the reaction catalyzed with 10 wt.-% of enzyme up to only 25% monomer conversion. Figure 6 Molecular weight as a function of conversion plots for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435. In contrast, the relation of molecular weight and conversion are represented in Figure 6. The result found that 25 wt.-% of enzyme obtained the molecular weight of PLA lower than 15 wt.-% of enzyme and 10 wt.-% of enzyme at the same conversion due to higher enzyme concentrations have more water which is introduced into the reaction and leads to a decrease of the molecular weight. Amounts of water within the reaction have an influence for the molecular weight PLA polymer products (Hans et al., 2009). The normal of reaction for synthesis PLA by lipase-catalyst distribute into 3 step, the first step is the monomer activation which is the combination of lipases and lactic acid (LA), then the lipase-LA combine with water for extension of pre-polymer and release the component of lipase-OH in the initiation step, the last step is the chain propagation which increase the number of monomer within polymer chain. In any case, if there is a lot of water in the reaction, it will occur the conformation of the other component as free water and a linkage between lipase and water by loosely bound and tightly bound. The free water and lipase-water loosely bound can break the polymer chain in the initiation and affect to decrease a molecular weight of PLA polymer products. Influence of the monomer concentration Hans et al. (2009) studied influence of the monomer concentration by expected that increasing monomer concentration, the polymerization rate and the overall monomer conversion will increase. Figure 7 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer to toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435. From the Figure 7 observed at the monomer to toluene ratio 1:2 and 1:3, the high conversion increase and then decrease when the monomer concentration decrease. Exclusion a monomer to toluene ratio 1:1, the conversion is also lower which might result from a poor solubility of the substrate and the precipitation of PLA. For the conclusion of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular weight of 3,300 g mol-1. Influence of the temperature Furthermore, Hans et al. (2009) expected that the temperature affect to PLA polymer products in ring opening polymerization as show in the Figure 8. Figure 8 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different temperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ration 1:3. From the Figure 8 observed that increasing temperature, the monomer conversion decrease. At 80 oC and 90 oC, a monomer conversion does not exceed 25 % in 2 days while at 60 oC and 70 oC, a monomer conversion reaches about 60 % and at 50 oC, a monomer conversion reach to 80 %. In the case of ring opening polymerization of lactide by lipase-catalyst at higher temperature might induce an enhanced deactivation of the enzyme which led to low monomer conversion. Figure 9 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperature for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ratio 1:3. The relative of molecular weights and temperatures at different conversions are presented in the figure 9, at 60 % and 50 % conversion obtained a highest molecular weights at 60 oC and drop off at higher temperatures. Explanation is an increase temperature release of free and loosely bound water which make denaturation of the enzyme. The other reason is a decrease in temperatures also induces a lower solubility of the polylactide and affect difficult to maintain a homogeneous solution. The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLA From the study about the influence of several factors for ring opening polymerization by lipase-catalyst observed that the enzymatic synthesis of PLA by use volatile organic compounds solvent do not encouraging due to a poor solubility of the substrates in polymerization reactions. In addition, the high temperature to reach the melting point of LA at 92 oC-95 oC might cause partial enzyme deactivation (Garcia-Arrazola et al., 2009). Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) improved the polymerization reaction to obtain PLA by used supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent replacement of the volatile organic compound (VOCs). The advantage of scCO2 is non-expensive, non-flammable, non-toxic, low melting point, low viscosity, high diffusion coefficient, and friendly in synthetic processes. Table 3 Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LA in scCO2 with 20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) < 0.16. Entry Biocatalyst (wt%) Time (days) Polymer yield (%) 1 10 1 5.70 2 10 2 9.77 3 10 3 11.03 4 10 4 1.64 5 15 1 3.2 6 15 3 5.16 7 15 5 5.35 8 15 7

Ethical Egoism And Psychological Egoism

Ethical Egoism And Psychological Egoism In Platos Republic and in Rachels Egoism and Moral Skepticism, both authors address two important facets of human morality: epistemologically objective. Ethical egoism is a normative claim, which states that moral beings ought to do what is in their best interests. Psychological egoism, on the other hand, is a descriptive claim that all moral beings can only act in their own self-interests, even when appearing to act in the interests of others. The difference between both claims lies in the fact that one is a normative claim and the other is a descriptive claim. A normative claim involves judging what people should do and creates a moral standard. A descriptive claim then, essentially describes the actions of moral beings and creates a moral standard based off their behavior. Due to the relatedness of both claims, I must first clearly distinguish the key features of each argument. In Glaucons Challenge Plato creates a long dialogue between Socrates and Platos brother, Glaucon. In his dialogue, Glaucon supports the view that people only act justly because they will believe it will help them attain beneficial ends for themselves and argues that human beings are not ethical egoists but rather psychological egoists. In Rachels essay, he attempts to distinguish between what psychological and moral egoism are and how inevitably neither are justified. Therefore, by drawing on the arguments from Glaucon and the claims discussed by Rachels, I will disprove the claim of ethical egoism and prove that human beings can, in fact, act solely for their own self-interest. First, I will begin by examining Glaucons Challenge on ethical and psychological egoism. In Platos Republic, Socrates raises the issue of whether goodness and virtue are truly worthwhile for the individual. In Gyges Ring, Socrates presents a story where a man named Glaucon discovers a ring, which makes him invisible. In it, he poses the question of whether we would act justly, despite the fact that we could get away with immoral conduct. In essence, he asks whether we should live a life of virtue. Next he asks us to imagine if two such rings existed, where a virtuous man and rogue each received one of the rings. Glaucon claims that the rogue would naturally use the ring for his own personal pleasure with no moral constraints. As for the moral man, Glaucon suggests that he will act no better than the rogue. He defends this position by claiming that no one has enough will to resist the temptation to do things for their own self-interest. In this argument Glaucon asks why there is any r eason for a moral person to act any differently from an immoral person. While his argument appears sound, critics argue that some acts appear to be unselfish in nature. As well, critics arguing for ethical egoism also state that we must desire things other than my own self-interests in order to get self-interests. Therefore, if we derive self-interest from playing soccer, unless we desired, for our own sake, to play soccer, we would not derive some self-interest from playing. However, if our self-interests consist simply in the satisfaction of self-regarding our interests, then human beings are still regarded as psychological egoists. Psychological egoists such as Glaucon claim their points using two arguments. The first being simply that the life of an unjust person is much better than the life of a just person. The second argument being that for psychological egoism, selfless actions always create self-satisfaction in the moral agent and this produces a pleasant state of conscious ness. Therefore, the action performed by the moral agent is really done to create an enjoyable state of consciousness rather than to aid the interests of others. Using such arguments, Glaucon is able to rule out situations such as altruistic behavior or motivation by thoughts of duty alone as proves for ethical egoism. Second, I will examine Rachels essay on ethical and psychological egoism. In his first argument Rachel suggests selfless actions are really just done voluntarily and that the agent is really just doing what they wanted to do. An example used by Rachel would be if Mr. Smith stayed behind to help a friend rather than go on vacation. While this may appear altruistic, what is really happening is that Mr. Smith wanted to stay behind to help his friend more than he wanted to go on vacation. In this way, his action is no longer selfless but rather selfish since he was only doing what he wanted to do. By examining Mr. Smiths decision from a different view, it is clear that what appears to a voluntary act of kindness is really just an act out of self-interest. His second argument for psychological egoism is that unselfish actions always produce a sense of self-satisfaction for the moral agent. Therefore, any selfless action by the moral agent is only unselfish at a sort of superficial level. Rachel uses a story where Lincoln once expressed this debate in describing the position between ethical and psychological egoism. In this story, Lincoln and a fellow passenger are discussing how all men are prompted by selfishness in doing any good. As they pass over a bridge in their carriage, both hear a sow yelling for help as her pigs are about to drown. Lincoln then gets out of his carriage and saves the pigs, then returns to his carriage. His companion remarks 1Abe, where do selfishness come in on this little episode? Lincoln then replies, Why bless your soul, that was the very essence of selfishness. I should have no peace of mind all day had I gone and left them. Lincoln uses the incident with the suffering sow in order to show that his altruistic act was done out of his belief in psychological rather than ethical egoism. Had he not helped the sow, he would have had no peace of mind all day while riding with his companion. Instead, he selfishly saves the pigs in order to hel p himself. Rachel attempts to refute this claim by stating that it is the object of any action rather than the personal desire that will determine whether an action is unselfish or not. Ethical egoists, on the other hand, argue that even though altruism is possible to act on, there is no reason why anyone should act selflessly. Rachels is able to refute this by arguing that no reasons are required in performing actions that help others. However, since all human beings innately do not care about the effects of their actions on others, this arguments premise is incorrect. Therefore, it is clear that the view of ethical egoism as a moral standard of what people ought to do is clearly incorrect since no matter what situation is produced, the moral agent will always act in their self-interest and that any positive outcomes on others is just a positive consequence. Thus, no matter what situations are presented to argue that moral beings ought to do what is in their best interests, it has been shown that all moral beings can only act in their own self-interests, even when appearing to act in the interests of others. In conclusion, after examining Glaucons Challenge from Platos Republic and Rachels essay on ethical egoism, it is clear that Glaucon was correct in stating that there is no reason for man to be moral. 1 Gendler, T., Siegel, S., Cahn, S. M. (2008). Egoism and Moral Skepticism. The Elements of Philosophy: Readings from Past and Present (p. 235). Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Diamonds :: essays research papers

A Diamond is one of the two natural minerals that are produced from carbon. The other mineral is Graphite. Even though both of these minerals are produced from the same element ,carbon, they have totally different characteristics. One of the most obvious difference is that Diamond is hard and Graphite is soft. The Diamond is considered to be the most hardest substance found in nature. It scores a perfect ten in hardness. Because of its hardness a tiny Diamond is used as a cutting and drilling tool in industry. Even the Greeks called the Diamond â€Å"adamas† which means unconquerable. Diamonds also conducts heat better than any other mineral .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diamonds come in several different color shades such as, yellow, blue, green, or pink. One reason why a Diamond has different colors is through the processes involving heat and radiation. Another reason is that 99.5% of a Diamond is Carbon and the rest are different trace elements. These 0.5% of elements are the reason why a Diamond has different color shades. For example Nitrogen causes it to have a yellow tint , and Boron a blue shade. The pink color in some Diamonds are thought to be caused by deformation of the atomic structure of the diamond crystal. A pure Diamond , which would be 100% carbon, is colorless Diamonds were created million years ago, when the earth was formed, the material experienced pressure of 5million times the atmosphere at sea level and temperatures between 1000~1200degreesC. These conditions caused carbon in the layers inside the planet to crystallize into diamonds. The diamonds moved up to the earth’s surface through volcano eruptions. This is why many Diamond mines are near volcanoes. Diamonds occur in two types of rock: Kimberlite and Lamprolite. Diamonds are mostly found in South Africa, India, Brazil, Russia, Australia, and Arkansas. Right now about 100million carats are mined each year. Today the largest cut Diamond in the world is the Cullian I at 530.2ct . The unit cell of a Diamond is cube. Five carbon atoms form tetrahedra at the cube corners , at the centers of each of the cube faces, and at four sites within the cube. The carbon atoms are located at the center of each tetrahedron . The carbon tetrahedra are covalently bonded, which explains why diamonds are extremely hard. The toughness of the Diamond comes from four planar directions of weakness , it is called octahedral cleavage .

Student Achievement Essay -- Education Class Size School Essays

Student Achievement This is a research paper I did to see if class size is related to student achievement. I used two studies to see if class size was related to student achievement. When you read my paper you will gain the knowledge of how controversial this issue is. It shows the actual findings of two studies. My paper shows how younger kids are benefiting from the smaller classes. There is still ongoing research to really decide if smaller really is better. Many parents and teachers desire smaller classes for their children. However, are smaller classes necessarily increasing student achievement? It has been an assumption that if a student is in a small class setting, there are fewer distractions and the learning experience is greater. People feel children have more individualized attention, which may lead young students towards greater academic success. Research has been conducted across the country to see if smaller class size is really better. The number of students in a classroom recently became a controversial issue. There has been research that shows that class size depends on many variables. Some of these variables include the age level of students, subject matter taught, and instructional methods used. â€Å"Recent statistical syntheses of this research reveal that the instructional benefits of smaller classes are most significant for classes numbering under twenty students; in those with twenty five to forty students class size has little overall effect on educational quality† (Ellis, 1984, p.1). The benefits of a smaller class include increased one-on-one learning between the student and the teacher. This also allows the teacher to ascertain a student’s learning ability. If there are fewer stude... ..., Smith, P, Zahorik, J, Halbach, A, Ehrle, K, Hoffman, L, & Cross, B. (2001). 2000-2001 Evaluation results of the student achievement guarantee in education (SAGE) program. Retrieved April 28, 2003 from the World Wide Web at http://www.asu.edu/educ/epsl/SAGE/annual_reports/2000-2001%20Evaluation/epru-0201-104.htm#overview â€Å"Sage Initiative Evaluation†. (February 2002). Sage and direct instruction projects. Retrieved April 28, 2003 from the World Wide Web at http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CERAI/sage.html. This website was about Project SAGE. It explained exactly what the study intended to do. For example, it planned to: Reduce the student-teacher ratio in their classrooms to 15:1 in grades K-3; Stay open extended hours (creating "lighted schoolhouses"); Develop rigorous academic curriculums; and, Implement plans for staff development and professional accountability.

Tool Of The Devil: Comparing Satan in Paradise Lost and The Golden Comp

The devil, in literature, is always a catalyst of change for those who encounter him. He is a force working underground, moving against what is widely considered virtuous and good, and it is contact with him that often changes the course of characters lives, and even the world. In Paradise Lost and a book based on it, The Golden Compass, ‘the devil’, in both cases, is an advocate for moving away from the control of God and the Church. Where the stories differ, is in the author’s intent for these actions. In the former, John Milton uses the devil to display how vanity and pride are the sins that halt us in an opportunity to live blissfully, with and under God. Philip Pullman, in his twist on Paradise Lost, The Golden Compass, claims that the original sin was the first, and most essential, step in human beings claiming their free will. He writes the devil (Lord Asriel) as a manipulative, selfish but ultimately admirable character. One who stands his ground and hold s onto his beliefs with an intense passion. Milton’s Satan, on the other hand, comes off originally as charming, but slowly presents himself to be weak and unsure, and his ideals are eventually presented as a mask for his insatiable pride. When Milton’s Satan tricks Adam and Eve into leaving paradise, they are ultimately worse off. Pullman, on the other hand, shows that human beings are essentially crippled without their right and ability to sin and make choices. It is through their differing portrayals of Satan, that Milton and Pullman present their respective cases on how the original sin caused man to lose paradise and eternal bliss, or find free will. When Paradise Lost begins, the vainglorious actions of Satan have resulted in his removal from heaven and placed him on the path to exact revenge against those who have done so. Though, the reader is hardly able to experience any distaste when reading about this man who opposes the consented force of good. He is are charming, dark, fanatical and desperate in his attempts. It is from these characteristics, that the reader may be swayed into viewing him as the protagonist (or even the hero) of the tale. Even C.S. Lewis, famous for his critical detraction of Milton's Satan acknowledges how, "Milton's presentation of him (Satan) is a magnificent poetical achievement which engages the attention and excites the admirat... ... an essential moment that exemplifies our true nature. Lord Asriel represents this, a man who is cunning and self absorbed, who is selfish in his tendencies, but also willing to fight passionately for freedom and independence. Pullman’s Lord Asriel never feels guilt or remorse for his actions, as he fully believes his actions are not wrong. In The Golden Compass, the church is an institution that oppresses it’s citizens, and Lord Asriel has no qualms in fighting against it. It is the truth behind Lord Asriel’s passion, that allows the reader to accept him as a sort of hero, while it is Satan’s doubt and weakness that allows us to eventually cast him aside. The resolve of Lord Asriel reflects Pullman’s insistence on how detrimental our own individual thoughts and determinations are. Though our actions may be negative and even harmful, he believes we are essentially soulless without them. Milton, however, see’s that man has no greater obligation than to serve God, and this is the only way which we can find true peace within. Both authors use Satan as their strongest tool, to reflect where they believe we should put God and the Church in man’s life.

The Effect of Violence in Movies to the Society

The last few years have seen an increase in violence in movies. Action movies seem to get more ‘exciting' than the previous movies each year and therefore, more violence is shown. Many people complain that violence is influencing our country and it's youths which causes many youths to fascinate about violence, eventually experience the fascination of violence for themselves and go crazy – go on a killing spree or something similar. Violence in movies do in some way affect youths and people in society. It affects people's views of themselves, other people, the world and people's thoughts on certain things. Beliefs or values and attitudes may be affected by violence in movies. For example, if a certain person is a racist and believes white people are superior to black people, they may watch a movie which displays racial discrimination, such as ‘American History X', and after viewing violent action against blacks, the person may decide to take action and go out and kill black people. This is an example of someone's beliefs/values and attitudes being affected by violence in movies. It is believed that whatever is seen at the movies, children will praise certain shows and characters featured and try to be like them. They look up to their hero and want to do everything that person does. In an action packed movie, the hero or the ‘good guy' is loved by children and they may try to copy their actions, thus leading to violence. So it is believed that violence in movies will increase physical aggressiveness among children and violent criminal behavior. One method by which violent movies may promote criminal violence is simple imitation. Two surveys of young American male violent felons found that 22-34% had imitated crime techniques they watched on an action packed movie. On the questionnaire I conducted, 60% of the people who participated in the questionnaire said they have an urge to go fight, kill, save people, etc, after watching a movie full of violence and action. This is only an urge, but may still result in the action of violence taking place. Children do imitate the behavior of models such as those portrayed in movies and other things such as television. They do so because the ideas that are shown to them on television are more attractive to the viewer than those the viewer can think up him/herself. This can be seen with the advent of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Young children cannot seem to get enough of these fictional characters and will portray them often. But it is Not only can violence in movies inspire children to take action, but can also inspire and empower potential criminals. Of course, not everyone who watches a Rambo or Terminator movie becomes a criminal. The harm of violent television is felt most by the already vulnerable segments of the population. Alfred Blumstein, dean of John Heinz School of Public Policy and Management at Carnegie-Mellon, notes that â€Å"the glorification of violence on television has little effect on most folks, but it has a powerful effect on kids who are poorly socialized †¦. It dehumanizes them and becomes a self-fulfilling process. † Repeated exposure to violence in movies may make violence seem ordinary or normal to these type of people. Perhaps all sides of the movies and violence debate can agree that reducing movie violence should be considered as efforts to change the conditions that make the children so vulnerable and dangerous in the first place. Maybe ratings of movies should be taken more seriously and be more strict so that children cannot view violence which would pollute their minds with violence and criminal behavior. In the questionnaire, the majority said that the movie ‘The Matrix' entertained them. This is an action film, and when asked whether they have an urge to go fight, kill, save people, etc, after watching an action film contained with violence, 40% replied no. This may show that some people like to watch movies with violence – no matter how it is rated – purely for entertainment and that it would not effect their attitudes towards violence in a negative way. These days, violence in movies are seen to be very realistic. The fighting, the pain, the blood and guts are made to look real. These are all done through the use of computers and digital editing. So the violence in movies may seem real, but in fact it is all fake and have just been performed by the click of a mouse. The question is, why do filmmakers show violence as their main subject in movies and why do they want the violence to seem real? There are many reasons to this. One could be to impress audience, another could be the demand for more action films, or another could be that action movies seem to be more popular nowadays. But the main reason would be to make the movie full of excitement which would most probably make the movie become huge and popular, which would then result in a lot of money for the filmmaker. This is not right and portrays filmmakers as selfish people only looking for money, as they do not stop to think that the violence could pollute children's minds. Filmmakers could say this could be prevented by making the ratings high, but that certainly does not stop children from watching the movie. They may be taken in to watch it with someone older for supervision, or simply view it on video once it is released. Fixing the problems of children and movie violence is not easy. There are many factors that have to be considered and people to be convinced. This problem will, no doubt, never go away and continue to get worse as the years go by. However, there are measures that can be taken to prevent the children from ever being exposed to such things. After all, what is the world going to be like when the people who are now children are running the world?

English: Literacy and Century Learners Essay

English is a widely-used language that is originally used by the countries United States, Great Britain, England and many more. English is the universal language because it is widely used by many people like Asians, Europeans, Africans and many more. However, how can we use English in shaping 21st century learners? English has many purposes that can help shape 21st century learners. One is we can use English in expressing our thoughts, ideas, feelings and many more. Because English is important, we need to use English precisely because if we don’t use our language properly it will result to different interpretations that will lead to chaos. Moreover, we need to master our skills in English in order for us to express what we know because in the future I believe that most of our professions need English as a medium for communicating. Another reason why we need to master English is today, many people are engaged into new technologies that requires new and different skills and that involves our literacy. Literacy demands nowadays, have changed along with the changes that happen in our world. Literacy is very important to a person because a literate person possesses a wide range of abilities and competencies compared to a person who is illiterate. Another reason why we need to master English is if we are communicating to a foreigner we use English as our medium of instruction in order for us not to misinterpret each other. Another purpose of English is to bring a new world. We can attain the world we wanted by using English in uniting all the people in the world because all of us wanted the same thing which is a new world. Another purpose is we can empower the voice of the youth with the use of English because I believe in the saying of Dr. Jose Rizal â€Å"ang kabataan ay ang pag-asa ng bayan†. Furthermore, we need to empower the voice of the youth because if we don’t empower them there will be no hope for our world and no great change will happen in this world we live in right now. English is the key to success. English can make us successful by making a great change through English because I believe language has a great influence and that influence is based on our decision if we want to make our world a better or a worse place. Another is we can be also successful in our lives through English because we use English as a medium of instruction at school and when we become successful in school there is a great chance that in the real life we become successful too. Another is if English did not existed we will not discover the technology we have now that helps in shaping up 21st century learners. Another is if English did not existed there would be no fun at all because there would be no tongue twister, poem, stories and many more. English plays an integral role in our daily lives so let’s give it up to the fullest.

Culture Views on Health

Jessica Knott UOP HCA 230 04-19-2010 Cultural Views on Health Health can have different meanings to different people and in their cultures around the world. A person’s health is not any different when it comes to an individuals, nor does it matter what part of the world they are in but they still have the same thing in common physical, mental, social, and spiritual beings. A person’s health refers to how they feel and also how they relate to their environment and the people that share that environment with them. People’s lives and morals are a combination of the different areas is what makes them who they are, and this does not change because of the area where they are from. A person who is happy and has a healthy lifestyle has created a healthy balance of their physical, social, spiritual, and emotional part of their life. â€Å"There are different ways of looking at health. Every culture has a concept of health that is probably different to that of others† (Capdevila, 2006) A person’s upbringing or background can affect the medical treatment they receive. Some cultures believe in holistic medicine. Some cultures treat their people with such practices without seeking treatment from a clinic or facility. The ethnic, cultural, and personal belief of an individual can affects the ability to receive care. For example in China herbal and holistic medicines are use everyday to help treat patients. These remedies have been used for centuries and continue to be passed down from generation to generation. Now Asian Americans have faith and believe in plants and their healing properties. The new fad in American culture of wellness and feeling the harmony between the mind, body, and spirit has its roots also in the Chinese culture. American culture looks for healing in new modern techniques of medicine and in technology. Americans usually say that we treat the disease and not the patient because we don’t have a patient without the disease. A lot of people believe that the herbal approach is helpful, while others do not believe. Some people believe that it should not be relied on because different people have different ways of providing medical care when it comes to herbal medicines. But a lot of Americans still have a more modern views when it comes to health care, due to the fact that we have the best and latest medical technology. â€Å"The Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the U. S. is mostly foreign-born. Therefore, these families continue to hold on to traditional views of health and illness† (Cantore, 2008) Acupressure is usually what is used in the Asian culture. But it is also being used now in the United States because we have a mixture of cultures. People from all cultures are now using acupressure to help as a cure. It supposes to help with smoking addictions and relieve the pain of childbirth. â€Å"It can be used to stimulate sleep or digestion or to increase mental stability. †¦ Many doctors recommend meditation and yoga to relax patients undergoing modern procedures such as chemotherapy or surgery. † (Cantore, 2008) â€Å"Eastern practices are popular because health consumers are more informed and are taking more responsibility for and control of their health. In addition, these practices and remedies assist the body in maintaining health and aid the body in natural healing. (Cantore, 2008) Vietnamese culture which is still an Asian culture, believes in harmony, balance in their lives and with their health. There are many differences between the American and Vietnamese cultures, for example in America if you are overweight or obese it is not a good thing. But in the Vietnamese culture being overweight or obese is seen as a good sign of economic status and people actually envy yo u of this. There are implications to health care providers when it comes to both cultures. For example, in a culture where obesity is more acceptable, health care providers are challenged to provide care to more people. â€Å"Stopping the cycle of obesity before it becomes the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States is a priority for community health nurses. † (Durand E, Logan C, Carruth A, 2007) Every culture and society has their own beliefs and morals. Some believe in the herbal medicine, some believe that they are heal by faith, and some use technology for the answer. But I believe that the important side of that is that we must respect what a person believes is right. As long as the patient is not going to cause themselves any harm by holding onto cultural practices, is allowed to follow their traditional beliefs. Some of the medical practices that come from other regions and cultures are now being more accepted into the modern world, so we should be open to many different options when it comes to our health and treatment plans. References Capdevila, G (2006, May 25) BOLIVIA: Wanted – Healthcare Adapted To Indigenous Cultures. Retrieved on April 11, 2009 from http://ipsnews. net/news. asp? idnews=33372 Cantore, J (2008) Modern Nursing, Traditional Beliefs. Minority nurses can play a crucial role in helping Asian patients bridge the gap between East and West, old and new. Retrieved on April 10, 2009 from http://www. minoritynurse. com Durand E, Logan C, Carruth A. (2007). Association of maternal obesity and childhood obesity: implications for healthcare providers . Journal of Community Health Nursing. 24 (3): 167-76 (journal article – review, tables/charts). Retrieved on April 11, 2009 from EBSCOhost database.

House on Mango Street Essay

Childhood: In some works of literature, childhood and adolescence are portrayed as times graced by innocence and a sense of wonder; in other works, they are depicted as times of tribulation and terror. Focusing on a single novel or play, explain how its representation of childhood or adolescence shapes the meaning of the work as a whole. Throughout the novel, The House on Mango Street a girl named Esperanza goes through many different changes as she tries discovering her true self. She evolves from insecure and not knowing anything about herself into confident and knowing where she wants her life to take her.That children must go through the experience of growing out of an innocent child into finding themselves as a person and finally developing self-confidence is highlighted in the book. At first, Esperanza starts out young, insecure, and immature. Her immaturity shows apparent when she talks about her mom holding her and says, â€Å"sweet to put your nose into when she is holding you and you feel safe† (6-7). This shows Esperanza’s insecurity because her mom remains a big source of comfort to her. She feels nice and safe all the time because her mom will act as a protection for her.In addition, Esperanza’s immaturity shows when she claims, â€Å"They are stupid people who are lost and got here by mistake† (28). This emphasizes how defensive and protective Esperanza reacts towards her neighborhood by calling them stupid when that’s just how they act. She does not try to understand their point of view. Though Esperanza maintains these characteristics, the reader will soon see her slight yet palpable maturity. As Esperanza develops as a person, she goes through another phase where she remains young and immature; however, she starts to show obvious signs of maturity and growing up.When Esperanza stands up for her sister she states, â€Å"That’s right, I add before Lucy of Rachel can make fun of her† she proves her maturity, because she thinks of others like her sister, Nenny (50). She does the right thing instead of caring about what her friends think about her. She takes on more and more responsibilities as she grows up. As she progresses, she shows hints of growing up physically and mentally, but not completely. When a group of her and her friends try heels, she says, â€Å"yes, it’s true. We have legs. Skinny and spotted with satin scars where scabs were picked, but legs, all our own, good to look at, and long† (40).They all realize that they finally have entered the first stage of growing up when they notice their slightly more womanly, adult figures. The long legs show their slight maturity, but their scars and scabs show that they still remain young. Even though the changes might only be slight they remain changes which continue to come as she grows older and finds her place in the world. Towards the end of the novel, Esperanza finally grows up and becomes self-confident. When Esperanza runs away from the â€Å"Monkey Garden†, she’s forced to grow up. â€Å"I looked at my feet in their white socks and ugly round shoes. They seemed far away.They didn’t seem to be my feet anymore. And the garden that had been such a good place to play didn’t seem mine either† (98). The play place that was once so innocent now, a junkyard reciprocates Esperanza’s innocence that slowly turns into reality. She is growing up. Additionally, she gains enough confidence and maturity to make her own life decisions, shown when she makes the important decision of where she wants her life to take her. She states, â€Å"I have decided not to grow up tame like the others who lay their necks on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain† showing Esperanza’s maturity to make her own life choices by herself (88).She finally becomes confident and independent enough to know where she wants her life to take her. Esperanza finally completes her evolution from young and immature to adult-like and confident. House on Mango Street allows children to see that they will have to grow up one way or another. People might try to experience being an adult then decide to take a step back to ignore it but, there remains no way to avoid it. Life won’t always be easy, but in the end people will discover who they are and what purpose they have in life.

New kingdom egyptian pharaohs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New kingdom egyptian pharaohs - Essay Example As in ancient Egypt, the Pharaohs in the new kingdom, were at the top of social and political order, including control over military occupations. In addition, they helped maintain divine order in the world (PBS, n.d.). While Tutankhamun reopened the temples of Amun, Ahmose ended the war, which was begun by his grandfather, Tao II. Ahmose pampered the local administrators with gifts of land and entrusted them with the responsibility of daily rule of his country. In the earlier dynasties, also the provincial leaders gained too much power because they had land and they were allowed freedom by the Pharaohs (Phouka, n.d.). With the support of the military, he maintained the balance of power (DiPaolo, 1997). In the new kingdom, although people were educated and professionals could be found, peasants and servants remained at the bottom of the hierarchy as in ancient Egypt. Women remained confined to the house and taking care of the children (PBS). Queen Hapshepsut and Thutmose III turned Eg ypt into ancient super power (Millmore). Amenhotep III, like the kings of the ancient Egypt, built temples and statues, but he encouraged realism in art. He and his son brought about changes in the cultural identity of the people during their reign. While most royal marriages have a political motive, Amenhotep III’s marriage had none. He maintained balance of power through democracy. His son Akhenaten tried to introduce the concept of godhead, which was both monotheistic and abstract. The portraits and paintings were revolutionary and allowed creative freedom. They displayed beauty and decay in real people rather than flatter the king and his family as in ancient Egypt (Millmore, 1997). The New Kingdom Pharaohs established colonial settlements only at Tombos and the temple town of Kawa. These were not completely Egyptian sites as the local elites were allowed cultural and political autonomy provided the precious luxury goods reached the Pharaohs

The Impact of Organizational Ethics on Employee Relations Research Proposal

The Impact of Organizational Ethics on Employee Relations - Research Proposal Example This paper illustrates that the perspective on employer-employee relations has in the past decades undergone a radical transformation This has been contributed by the ever-increasing competition in the business world and organizations increased competitive advantage. The study of the impact of organizational ethics on employee relations is important because an organization survives because of relationships between employers, employees, and other stakeholders. The biggest concern is what would happen if organizational ethics is not practiced, and the possible effect of this. Firstly, according to Goleman, it is necessary to note that workforce in any given organization is essential for the achievement of the organization. In fact, the weak the workforce is, the weak the organization is. Therefore, it can be argued that application of ethics in an organization can affect the employees negatively or positively depend on how it’s applied. In essence, Jurkiewicz and Giacalone noted that when there are unethical acts or conduct within the organization, especially instigated by management to the employees, the implication of this is translated to the customer and other employees, and which may have adverse effects to the performance of the whole organization. The local government system is not exceptional. In regard to the local government system, the system is considered to play a key role in issues pertaining public service ethics. The concern here is what would happen if there no codes of conducts to which, for example, elected councilors are expected to conform. Just like in any other organization, the focus of local government, in this case, is not only about corruption, but rather the misconduct, hospitality, relationship with other officers and any other behavior that would bring any member of the local government into disrepute.

Project Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Controls - Essay Example This paper will therefore discuss issues on the changes likely to occur, quality evaluation, change control and appropriate communication of performance objectives. There are various changes that have not been planned for that may affect the project if not well catered for before project execution. These changes may be as a result of various problems that may occur during project implementation. They are mainly logistical as well as technical or operational problems. This paper has, however, identified three major problems that may create need for changes in planed process flows. First, the acquisition of the server’s license meant for the San Jose facility may be faced by delay if the legal provisions are changed to include more requirements and say additional application fees. Secondly, since the acquisition of the servers and modules for the various upgrade components may depend on the global and local supply changes, delivery may be affected through extended lead times. Lastly, there is likelihood, even though to minimal levels, of compatibility problems with the existing hardware at the facilities where upgrades will be conducted and hence creating further delays or even project overhaul. The intended project has set a higher quality assurance measures that will ensure that its implementation will be a success in terms of costs and performance. With the work breakdown structure in place, every implementation stage will ensure that the best techniques of installation and the best available and relevant software and hardware components are utilized. Having looked at the various changes that may come up during project execution, this paper proposes a three step for change control. The first phase will involve the evaluation of how the change is likely to affect the project. Secondly, the project implementation team will draw a timeline of tackling