Thursday, October 31, 2019

Operation management 01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation management 01 - Essay Example The sales department is in charge of the stocking and operations management within the organization. The department’s contribution towards the growth of the company is very important. This is the department in charge of generating revenue. There is a significant amount of planning involved in the retail industry. The department is in charge of the customer as well as the company’s financial returns. The department contributes to the organization’s financial growth through planning and effective implementation of these plans. The methods used to reach the customer and promote sales are developed within this department. This involves a joint effort between the sales and marketing department. There is very close proximity between these two departments. The marketing department is charged with consumer attraction to the store, whereas the sales department is charged with the actual sale of products. The success and growth of an organization from a small scale regiona l retail store to a global corporation is attributed to the efficacy and efficiency of this department. The contribution of the work of this department is crucial for that success (Bradley, 1991). The description of customer is referred to a customer or consumer profile. Before the identification of the customer profile, the organization must differentiate the external and the internal customer. An internal customer is a customer who is involved with the process of making a product available to the end consumer. The internal customer is a member of the organization usually a company employee. An external customer is one who purchases the company products for personal use but is not part of the company. Both of these customers are important to the viability and growth of an organization. The internal customer contributes to the number of sales made by the organization, for example, company sales representatives and the external customer are essential to

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay Literature by definition may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as polemical works as well as autobiography, and reflective essays as well as belles-lettres. The Great Gatsby has the following particular characteristics of a literary texts: The first literary element of the novel is the plot, the protagonist is Jay Gatsby, a young, wealthy man in love with a society girl from his past. He tries to build a life with her but fate and bad luck turn tragic. The next key element is the theme, Fitzgerald demonstrates many themes including the decline of the American dream. The American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. A second important theme of the novel would be the hollowness of the upper class, the sociology of wealth, specifically, how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the country’s richest families. What the old aristocracy possesses in taste, however, it seems to lack in heart, as the East Eggers prove themselves careless, inconsiderate bullies who are so used to money’s ability to ease their minds that they never worry about hurting others. The presence of characters is also a characteristic of the literary texts. In The Great Gatsby we have Jay Gatsby the main character an ambitious dreamer searching desperately to repeat the past in a different context. Nick Carraway a young graduate from Yale which aspires to be a writer who is irresistibly attracted by the lifestyle of richness, opulence and extravagance but ends up being a supporter and admirer of Gatsby’s morals and values. Daisy Buchanan, Nick’s cousin and the object of the main character’s affection a careless, beautiful society girl with warm, fascinating gestures. Tom Buchanan is Daisy’s husband and the son of and immensely wealthy and socially solid family, a man without morals who can and will do anything to get what he wants. Among the other characters of he book we can find Jordan Baker, Myrtle and George Wilson and Meyer Wolfsheim. The setting of the novel takes place right after The Great War in the 1920s mostly in East and West Egg but also in New York. The major conflict is the fact that Daisy’s refuses Gatsby despite the vast fortune he has collected for her because of his unclear past. The climax of the book the confrontation between Tom and Jay is in chapter 7 and takes place at the Plaza Hotel in New York. The narrative voice of the novel is Nick which tells the story in the first person because he is part of it too. The mood is largely dark, pessimistic, and vapid as set by the purposelessness and carelessness of the wealthy, the ongoing string of meaningless parties, the ugliness of the Valley of Ashes, and the tragic deaths of Gatsby and Myrtle. Only Nick Carraways honest and moral view of life breaks the sense of tragedy. Among the literary techniques use in the novel we can recognize the following: The presence of the direct and indirect characterization made by the narrator and deducted from the characters’ gestures and attitudes, the dialogue, the foreshadowing technique is also present through the mysterious calls Gatsby receives. Most important all types of irony are present in the text, verbal irony is present in the conflicts between Tom and Gatsby, situational irony, when Daisy ends up killing Tom’s mistress by accidentally running over her with Jay’s car and dramatic irony, when George Wilson murders Gatsby because he assumes Gatsby was the wealthy man his wife, Myrle, was having an affair with. Considering all the above, The Great Gatsby by Scott F. Fitzgerald is a modernist novel based on the reality of the post war 1920s, inspired from the authors’ life which satisfies all the requirements in order to be called a literary work.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Link Between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

Link Between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development In the influential article by Solow (1956), a structure was given for the readers to have a clear view of the linkage between economic growth and the basic important factors of production. He suggested ways in which maximum economic growth is easily achievable through his dynamic state of the art framework. Solows model named as the growth accounting framework, includes two factors; physical capital and labor precisely, whereas technological change being the implicit factor. One of the basic purposes is to tell the reader about the entrepreneurial trends going on in the world. Entrepreneurship is a central focus in the growth policy which is well matched in the Solows model and it is also linked to the economic growth at the same time. It is linked to the economic growth in the sense that it is facilitating the current organizations through spillover of knowledge and in turn increasing the economic growth. According to Acs (2004) and Audretsch (2006) the term knowledge filter for the commercialization of the firm in terms of RD, human capital, university research etc may not be the only sources of economic growth. It has been noticed that the investment in new knowledge has been substantial resulting in growth and decrease in unemployment, but it blocks commercialization of new knowledge investments in turn reducing innovative activity and ultimately declining growth. The growing of entrepreneurship policy to promote economic growth is an attempt to create entrepreneurship capital, or the ability of an economy to generate the start-up of new firms. Porter (1990) said that Entrepreneurship is at the heart of national advantage. The role of entrepreneurship motivates economic growth through innovation and sustaining of competition among competitors. Entrepreneurship is an important part of industrial growth and the backbone of any country for its economic development. The spirit of entrepreneurship brings about enthusiasm, persistence and the ability to seek entrepreneurial opportunities that lead to success. A countrys ability to generate a steady stream of business opportunities can only come about when its people take to entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurs are essentially the engines of growth for a country. Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs are vital drivers of economic growth, employment, innovation and productivity and it has been long understood by analysts and economic theoreticians. Entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the growth in the modern economy. Taking into consideration the topic I have chosen the following dimensions: Entrepreneurship Commercialization Investment Capital New firms Now I will thoroughly discuss each dimension separately Entrepreneurship: According to the Small Business service 2002, the term entrepreneurship is derived from the word entrepreneur, and it is commonly referred to as the activity that individuals connect in that is often characterized by a unique reflection, innovative approaches and risk taking in order to create a new business or grow an existing business. It can be defined as a managerial performance that time after time develop opportunities to bring results beyond the individuals own capabilities, which involves creativity and innovation says Thompson (1999) and it is also a focus on change and opportunity as well as organization-wide management says Wickham (2001). Entrepreneurship is an attitude that covers an individuals motivation and capability, independently or within the context of an organization and to spot an opportunity and to pursue it in order to create wealth or economic success. It is advance thinking outside the box leading to new ideas, new products or services. Better production methodologies and efficient ways of doing things also helps in economic growth according to Khan (2008). Cantillon, (1700s), used the term entrepreneur to refer to a person who took an active risk-bearing role in pursuing opportunity. It is not a 21st century phenomenon as Coulter (2003) says. Deakins and Freel (2003) in their research found out that entrepreneurship acts as a catalyst in bringing about an economic change and helps in economic development. Entrepreneurship is the apparent aptitude and enthusiasm of persons, on their individual base, in groups, inside and outside existing organizations to make out and generate new economic opportunities (new products, new production methods, new organizational schemes and new product-market combinations), and to introduce their ideas in the market, in the face of uncertainty and other obstacles, by making decisions on location, form and the use of resources and institutions says Wennekers and Thurik (1999). Schumpeter in his theory of Economic Development emphasizes the role of the entrepreneur as basic cause of economic development. He describes how the innovating entrepreneur challenges existing firms; by introducing new inventions that make current technologies and products obsolete. This process of creative destruction is the main characteristic of what has been called the Schumpeter Mark I regime. This process of creative accumulation is the main characteristic of the Schumpeter Mark II regime. Commercialization: Commercialization is a process that helps firms achieves a good name in the market economy. New technologies are introduced in the market and they further help in attaining much public attention. Commercialization has been occurring throughout the world and proves helpful in getting much surface attention. The basic component of commercialization of innovation includes patent protection and capital investments. According to the WIPO2007; National Governors Association 2008, both the patent requests along with the easy governmental policies for promotion of capital investments in concept to the new commercial applications are rising. Economic development is possible through successful commercialization. It is a cycle as commercialization increases the economic value by creating high skilled people which in turn is the basis of highly waged jobs and both these lead towards the stability of the economy. New technology in commercialization is playing its vital role as this knowledge when applied appropriately and in the right direction helps in the growth of the economy. A five stage model of commercialization process according to Jolly (1997) has been outlined in order to attain market entry of new procedures, goods and techniques. These stages are as follows: Imaging stage This is the first stage in which the researcher finds the basic research which relates to a new concept. Technology exploration is the main purpose of this stage. Incubating stage In the incubating stage, the already existing techniques and technologies are examined, the ones that are being generically used and tested. Demonstrating stage Prototypes are created in this stage of the new concept. Promoting stage This stage is the beginning of the entry and expansion of the prototypes being created in the demonstrating stage. Sustaining stage The last stage according to Jolly tells us that whether the prototype is able to sustain the in the long run or not (David A. Boulay; Charles T. Worley; Meagan Barnes , 2008) Investment: Investment and entrepreneurship are interrelated with each other. Entrepreneurship is not possible without investment. Investment is required for production of new products and services. It is also required for enhancing knowledge and technology which helps in innovation. In intrapreneurship: conceptualizing entrepreneurial employee behavior by Jeroen de Jong Sander Wennekers in (2008), the major inconsistent elements of entrepreneurship are the investment of personal financial means and the related financial risk taking, a higher degree of self-sufficiency, and legal and fiscal aspects of establishing a new independent business. New ventures started by entrepreneurs are often risky and they require heavy investment. It is a risk that entrepreneurs take; in order to bring out a new innovation in the form of a new product or new service or even a new methodology of production, into existence. The transformation of knowledge into a new product is risky and if the idea clicks the investment is turned into profit which helps in economic development. According to Baumol (2002a, 2002b) the entrepreneurial function of risk taking in the innovation process from the role of larger current corporations that are engaged into routine processes of large scale innovation. In the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by M.A. Carreea b.c and A.R. Thurika, a large amount of companies guide to high interest in huge amount of investment and research and development programs leading to high growth where as less amount of investments in research and development lead to slow growth. Capital: Capital is the financial asset that is used for investment in the entrepreneurial activity to start a new venture of innovate the existing one. However, entrepreneurial and risk taking behavior certainly makes apparent itself in the creation of new ventures. Higher the entrepreneurship intensity is, the higher the level of the hidden variable entrepreneurship capital becomes. Entrepreneurship capital means the ability for economic agents to generate new firms. Entrepreneurship has typically been referred to as an action, process, or activity whereas entrepreneurship capital is the ability of the people to generate new firms and help in the economic prosperity of the world. According to G. Hofstede (2002), entrepreneurship capital can also be a part of stock capital as it reflects other numerous factors such as legal, institutional and social factors. A recent study shows that entrepreneurship capital is somewhat a missing link in describing the variations in economic performance says Acs and Audretsch (2003) From the economic perspective, Hebert and Link (1989) distinguish between the supply of financial capital, innovation, allocation of resources among substitute uses and decision-making. Such perspectives generate a high propensity for economic agents to start new firms can be characterized as being rich in entrepreneurship capital. Entrepreneurship capital exerts a positive impact on economic output for a number of reasons. The first being mechanism for knowledge spillovers. Romer (1986), Lucas (1988 and 1992) Grossman and Helpman (1991) recognized that knowledge spillovers are an important mechanism underlying growing expansion. A second way that entrepreneurship capital put forth a positive impact on economic out-put is through the increased competition by high number of enterprises. Jacobs (1969) and Porter (1990) argue that competition is more conducive to knowledge externalities than is local monopoly. A third way that entrepreneurship capital generates economic output is by providing variety among the firms. Not only does entrepreneurship capital generate a greater number of enterprises, but it also increases the multiplicity of enterprises in the location. A key assumption made by Hannan and Freeman (1989) in the population ecology literature is that each new organization represents a unique approach. Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Growth by Audretsch and Keilbach tells that entrepreneurship capital contributes to output and growth by serving as a means for knowledge spillovers, increasing competition, and by instilling diversity leading to economic growth. New Firms: Schumpeter (1942) gave his work in a very influential manner and since then entrepreneurship has been the hot topic in economic growth and development. With the advent of entrepreneurship, new firms and new employment opportunities are created which brings with it productive innovation says Baumol (2002). It is important to understand factors that promote new firms to economic development. High level of new firms is created with entrepreneurial activities which significantly promotes economic vitality and shows that the economy is dynamic rather than being static. Different factors affect the creation of new firms such as unemployment, population growth, industrial structure, and human capital, the availability of financing and entrepreneurial individuality. Building on the contributions of urbanism Jane Jacobs, Lee, Florida and Gates (2002) showed that social diversity and human capital have constructive relationships with regional innovation production measured by per capita patent production. According to Rynolds, (1994) factors like unemployment, population, industrial scattering and financial availability are important in terms of new firm formation. Armingten and Acs (2002) found that industrial intensity, income growth, population growth and human capital were closely related to new firm formation. Kirchhoff (2002) found academic research and development expenditure to be associated with rates of new firm structure across regions. Studies noted the significance of the function of association in entrepreneurship. Saxenian (1999) found that extensive networks of Chinese and Indian workers help people start new firms with the help of contacts and financial support in Silicon Valley. STUART and SORENSON (2003) argue that businesses cluster because geographical closeness enables them to use social ties necessary to gather together essential resources. Conclusion: Entrepreneurship is a vast topic which covers the major aspects of economic growth. Entrepreneurship is possible with the help of new innovative ideas that gives birth to new firms. For making the innovation real, investment is required in capital and assets. All these dimensions lead towards economic growth of the world.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Earthquake San Francisco- 1906 :: essays research papers

Earthquake San Francisco- 1906   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the morning 12 past 5:00 San Francisco suffered a major earthquake that killed 3000 people, the earthquake lasted for about 40 seconds and was recorded at 8.3 on the Richter Scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People ran from there houses and some stayed inside the buildings and were crushed. The people who ran in the streets were killed by toppled buildings falling from above. There fire department was efficient but the water pipes that go down the San Andreas Fault were severed. The fire could not be stopped because there were now water until the next couple of days. Gas mains blew and caused massive fires all around the city. The city was in the middle of a great economic boom and almost all was lost on that day. The old buildings were never made to withstand earthquakes and easily crumbled and fell crushed people. Some sailers on the coast tried to leave but the waves flew the boats around like toys. The buildings were made out of unreined forced brick or wood which couldn't withstand a earthquake of that magnitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the earthquake, they noticed that the San Andreas Fault shifted a 250-mile long section witch tore roads and fences. Rivers, roads and power lines were severed and not aligned with its surroundings. A road across the fault ended up 21 feet north of the road to the east same with the rivers and creeks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earthquake's most damage were in Los Bonas 30km east of the fault yet there was little damage along towns to the east side of San Francisco Bay such as Berkely, 25km east of the fault. And the capital of California Sacramento that was 120km east of the rupture showed no damage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists found out that the earthquake originated north of Oregon and south to Los Angeles a total of 1170 Km.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowing now that buildings could not withstand a earthquake with unreiforced brick, the new San Francisco would have buildings that can handle

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Ethics †Argumentative Essay

1. What is an â€Å"argument† in philosophy? A set of claims one of which, called the conclusion, is said to be supported by the other claims, called the premises. 1. Premise 2. Premise 3. Conclusion 2. What do the terms â€Å"valid† and â€Å"sound† mean? Valid Argument If the premises are true, then it follows necessarily that the conclusion is true, or it is logically impossible for the conclusion to be false. Sound Argument A valid argument that contains only true premises. Soundness = Truth + Validity. 3. Sketch the â€Å"benefits arguments† in favor of harvesting Baby’s Theresa’s organs. Set out the premises and conclusion for â€Å"Benefits Argument† in the Baby Theresa case. The Benefits Argument 1. If we can benefit someone without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. 2. Transplanting the organs would benefit the other children without harming Baby Theresa. 3. Therefore, we ought to transplant her organs. The Argument That We should Not Use People As Means 1. If we use someone only as a means, we do something that is morally wrong. 2. Taking Theresa’s organs would be using her only as a meas to benefit other children. 3. There fore, it would be morally wrong to take Theresa’s organs. 4. Sketch the â€Å"we should not use people as means† argument against harvesting Baby Theresa’s organs. Set out the premises and conclusion for â€Å"The Wrongfulness of Killing Argument† in the Baby Theresa case. The Argument From the Wrongfulness of Killing 1. If we harvested Theresa’s organs, then we would be killing one innocent person to save another. 2. We should not kill one innocent person to save another. 3. Therefore, if we should not harvest Theresa’s organs. Rachel’s Assessment *The prohibition against killing is strong, but most people do not think it absolute. Baby Theresa is (1) going to die soon anyway, (2) not conscious, and (3) her organs could help save several other children. Rachels states that we might even regard Baby Theresa as â€Å"born dead†. 5. Sketch the â€Å"Slippery Slope Argument† against killing Tracy Latimer. If one bad thing happens then others will follow after. 1. If we permit any sort of mercy killing, we will have stepped onto a dangerous â€Å"slippery slope† down which we will inevitably slide. 2. The mercy killing of Tracy was permissible. 3. Hence, we have stepped onto a dangerous slippery slope (which will lead to the view that all life is cheap). Objection: Are the causal claims supported by any evidence? In general, it is easy to make dire predictions concerning the future. Consider an analogy: Would gay marriage lead to the disintegration of the family? 6. What does Rachels’s â€Å"minimum conception of morality† consist of? Morality is, at the very least, the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason-while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by one’s decision. Reason and impartiality consist stuff 7. What are five common features of Cultural Relativism? 1. Different societies have different moral codes. 2. (a) The â€Å"good† is determined by society; (b) an act is â€Å"right† if it is allowed by the guiding ideals od the society in which it is performed, and â€Å"wrong† if it forbidden by those ideals. 3. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one society’s code as better than an other’s. 4. The moral code of our society has no special status. 5. We should adopt an attitude to tolerance. 8. What is the â€Å"Cultural Differences† argument for Cultural Relativism? Does Rachels think it is sound? he thinks it is unsound, 9. If Cultural Relativism is true, then some odd consequences for ethical theory follow. What are they? 10. Does Rachels hold that there are some moral rules that all societies have in common? 11. What are the three traditional divine attributes of monotheism? 12. What is the difference between â€Å"theism†, â€Å"atheism†, and â€Å"agnosticism†? 13. What is the â€Å"problem of evil†? 14. What is the Divine Command theory? 15. What is Socrates’s question in the Euthyphro? How does it bear on the Divine Command Theory? 16. What are some of the main elements of Natural Law Theory? 17. Raise some objections to Natural Law Theory. 18. What is Ethical Egoism and how does it differ from Psychological Egoism? 19. Define â€Å"altruism†. Why does the Psychological Egoist hold that altruism is not possible? 20. Some object that Ayn Rand’s argument for Ethical Egoism presents us with a â€Å"false dichotomy†. Explain. 21. Why doesn’t Rachels think Ethical Egoism is a fair reflection of common sense morality? 22. What is the Principle Equal Treatment? How does it relate to Ethical Egoism? *There will be some extra-credit questions pertaining to material discussed in lecture.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Staging in Six Characters in Search of an Author essays

Staging in Six Characters in Search of an Author essays Staging in "Six Characters in Search of an Author" Pirandello's masterpiece, "Six Characters in Search of an Author" is well known for its innovative techniques of characterization, especially in the fullness of character as exhibited by the Stepdaughter and the Father, but it is especially renowned, and rightfully so, for the brilliant staging techniques employed by its author. Pirandello uses his innovative staging techniques specifically to symbolize, within the confines of the theater, the blending of the theater and real life. Chief among these, of course, is the way in which the author involves the audience in his production, to the point which, like a medieval audience, they become part of the action, and indeed, a character in its own right. The use of lines provided in the playbill was the first of its kind; never before had an author dared to ask the members of the audience to perform, even though unpaid, and indeed, paying for the experience themselves. But without those lines, how much less impressive would that moment be when the Director, understandably at the end of his rope with the greedy characters (who have been from the start trying to coerce him into writing a script for non-union wages), shouts "Reality! Fantasy! Who needs this! What does this mean?" and the audience, in unison, shouts back, "It's us! We're here!" The moment immediately after that, when the whole cast laughs directly at the audience, pointing at them in glee, is nearly unbearable for an audience, as shown by the riot after the first performance, when the audience not only ripped the seats out of the theater, but stole the popcorn. Pirandello also used a technique he inherited from the "Cirque de Soleil," involving a trapeze hung from the catwalk. But though the trapeze was not in itself his own invention, its use during the intermission as a means to annoy the audience was absolutely innovative. He had gotten the idea from w...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Race and Female Body Image essays

Race and Female Body Image essays The topic that we chose to research was race and female body image. We only researched African American women and Caucasian women because we wanted to see the contrast of the two. One of our hypotheses was that there would be a difference in the way women of different races perceived our bodies. Further, we hypothesized that African American women would have a more positive outlook on body image than Caucasian women did. Another hypothesis was that African American women that grew up with peers of the same ethnicity would have a more positive body image. Also, African American women that grew up with peers of a different ethnicity were predicted to have a more negative outlook on body image. The first aspect of body image we tested was how often our respondents thought about their weight. Of the 60 respondents, after running a crosstabulation between race and how often women thought about their weight, 36.7 percent of them thought about their weight often and 36.7 percent of them thought about their weight on occasion. The majority, 73.4 percent, were in these two categories (on occasion and often). When breaking the demographic of race down between the women, there was a difference in how often each race thought about their weight. 20 percent of the African American women reported that they thought about their weight virtually never, 40 percent reported they thought about their weight on occasion, and 25.7 percent said they thought about their weight often. With the Caucasian women, there were zero reports that they thought about their weight virtually never with 32 percent reporting they think about their weight on occasion and the majority, 52 percent reportin g they think about their weight often (table 1.2). What these percentages tell us is that there are fewer Caucasian women that think about their weight virtually never and more that think about their weight often than those reported by the African American women....

Sunday, October 20, 2019

How to Upload the Perfect SAT Picture 10 Key Requirements

How to Upload the Perfect SAT Picture 10 Key Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're planning to take the SAT, you need to upload a photo of yourself when you register online. Do you know the photo requirements? Did you know that if your picture doesn't meet the SAT photo requirements, you may not be allowed to take the SAT on test day? In this article, I'll thoroughly explain how to make sure that you use an appropriate SAT picture. Also, I'll let you know how to upload your photo, and finally, I'll give you some important tips to remember so you don't have any unforeseen issues test day. Why Do You Need an SAT Picture? The SAT requires a picture to confirm your identity and prevent cheating. The photo requirement ensures that nobody can take the test as somebody else. Your photo will be on your admission ticket and will be checked against your photo ID on test day. Your test center will check to see that the photo and name on your ticket matches the photo and name on your ID, and you should be easily recognizable from your photo. If you don’t have an acceptable photo on your admission ticket, you’re not supposed to be allowed to take the SAT. However, if you’re in 8th grade or below at the time of testing, you don’t have to provide a photo to register. This will be noted on your admission ticket and at the test center. SAT Photo Rules These are the requirements for the photo on your admission ticket. The picture needs to be of you (and only you) and show your entire face (head and shoulders). Here are the specific guidelines: #1: Both of your eyes must be visible. You can’t wear sunglasses or use a picture in which only one of your eyes is showing. Not acceptable #2: You must be the only person in your photo. No group photos, and no photos with your dog. Cute, but not acceptable #3: You have to be recognizable. Make sure that the photo quality is good enough that you’re easily identifiable from your picture. Again, it will be matched with the photo from your ID. #4: You can’t cover your head. You can’t wear a hat or any head covering, unlessit’s for religious purposes. If you wear a religious head covering, you should still show as much of your face as you can. Cool hat, but not cool for your SAT photo #5: You can’t digitally alter your picture. Your picture should look as much like you as possible. Don’t use an Instagram or Snapchat filter. I’m sorry. #6: You must be in focus. No blurry pics. Make sure you’re easily recognizable. Who dat? #7: No dark spots or shadows. Dark spots and shadows will make your face harder to see and recognize. Shadows are bad. Shirts are good. #8: No side profiles. Your face and body should be centered and facing forward. This won't work at all. #9: The pic should be far enough away that your entire face and head can be seen, but close enough that you can’t see more of your body than your shoulders. Way too far #10:To upload your pic, the photo must be in one of these formats: .jpg, .gif, or .png. Fierce and acceptable Tips for Finding or Taking a Picture You can use any recent photo that fits the requirements. School photos or passport photos are likely to work. If you have a physical copy of a photo you want to use, you can scan it and use the picture. Make sure that the scan is high-quality and clear, however. Additionally, when you register online, you can link to your Facebook to add a photo. You’ll be able to crop your pic, but you'll still need to make sure it meets the requirements. Finally, you can always take a new picture. A selfie may work, but it will probably be easier to get a photo that meets all the requirements if you have somebody else take a picture of you. I recommend standing against a blank wall in bright ligh - it might not be the most flattering, but it will ensure your photo follows the rules! If you're taking a photo with a cell phone, the phone should be held vertically. How to Upload Your SAT Picture The SAT photo upload process is pretty simple. If you register online, you’ll upload a digital photo. If you’re using a picture that’s on a phone or camera, you can upload the photo directly from your device, or you can save it on your computer first. To transfer a photo from your device, plug the appropriate USB cord into your computer and phone or camera. Additionally, if you’re transferring your picture from a phone, you can also e-mail the photo to yourself from your phone, and open up the e-mail and picture on your computer. Then, save the picture to your computer. If you have a paper photo, you can scan it and then save it on your computer. After you scan your photo, confirm thatit's of high enough quality to use. You need to be easily identifiable from your picture. When you’re registering, you’ll have the option to upload a photo from your computer or from Facebook. Here's what the SAT photo upload page looks like: Choose the option that you prefer. If you click "Upload from my computer," the files from your computer will appear on your screen. Double click on the picture you want to use, and it will appear in the shaded box. Then, you can crop or rotate your photo to ensure it meets the requirements. Once you're done editing your picture, click "Save Image." If you click "Upload from Facebook," your Facebook photos and albums will appear. Click on the photo you want to use. Again, the picture will appear in the box, and you'll have the option to crop and rotate before you save the image. Just so you can see what it looks like, I selected one of my Facebook photos (a sassy selfie): After clicking "Save Image," you'll see how the photo will look on your admission ticket. If you're satisfied with how your picture looks, you can continue with the registration process. If not, you can select "Upload New Photo." Common Issues and Important Things to Remember The College Boardis so particular about admission tickets and the photos on your admission tickets because these are security measures to help maintain the integrity of the test. You need to follow all the rules so that you’re able to take the test and receive a valid score. Here are some very important reminders for you: Make sure the name on your admission ticket matches the name on your photo ID. Your picture and name from your photo ID is compared to the picture and name on your admission ticket to confirm your identity. If there’s a different name on your ID, the test center won’t be able to effectively confirm your identity and you could be barred from taking your test. When you register online, enter your name exactly as it appears on your ID. Don’t use a nickname or any other name. Don’t forget your admission ticket or photo ID. If you don’t bring your ticket or ID, you won’t be allowed to take the test. The night before, lay out all the stuff you need on test day. You can even make a checklist of things to bring, and make sure you have everything before you head to the test center. Only bring an SAT-approved calculator. You can only use a calculator on one of the two Math sections, and there are restrictions on the types of calculators you can use. Read our article on calculators for more information. Make sure you follow all SAT rules and regulations. The SAT is strict about its rules. Don’t test them. Don’t discuss specific questions while you’re on break or after the test. Only work on the section you’re supposed to be working on. Don’t keep working on a section after time expires. Read ourarticle on SAT rules for thorough information about the rules you need to follow. If you break any of these rules, your score may be cancelled. And if you’re caught cheating, you could be prosecuted. What's Next? Do you need to take the SAT essay? Before you register, find out which colleges require the SAT essay? Are you wondering what SAT score you need to get into your dream college? Check out this article. Finally, if you're preparing for the exam, learn how to ace the SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Interactivity Enhancing Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interactivity Enhancing Learning - Case Study Example First is the use of the social media which is normally a personalized method and involve the use of weblogs and blogs that help give the learning children a ground to share and express their thoughts and ideas with their peers and other members of the society. Though highly criticized, social media such as my space and Facebook help connect millions and millions of learners who share information and other learning materials. Therefore the social media is credited with the creation of the global network of knowledge sharing that incorporate learners, teachers and other knowledge minded people. Secondly, interactive learning has taken advantage of urban computing technology like the wireless network, smartphones, search engines and other location-based media. These methods allow the competent and high level of interactivity between the people themselves and sometimes with their environment. The technology gives the learners easier time to assimilate knowledge that can be localized. Finally is the intelligent but complex use of serious games that create a virtual world by creating room for role commanding and community interaction. Games help in critical and analytical thinking, cooperation and problem-solving concept development. Research shows that game provides an excellent way of improving one's problem-solving ability; develop creativity, leadership quality, collaboration and other interpersonal skills (Milheim, 1995). According to (Bullard,2014) the adoption and introduction of technology like use of computers have improved both children and adult education through improving the social and the cognitive skills and at the same time enhance children technology skills. According to report from the international society for technology in education (ISTE) the use of technology improve the children through: i) use of devices such as mouse, keyboards, Audiotape and other technologies help develop thinking ability; ii).

Friday, October 18, 2019

Social and historical aspects of Latin American crime Essay

Social and historical aspects of Latin American crime - Essay Example Nevertheless countries that are the main suppliers of cocaine are also the poorest when their GDP compared to Brazil or Argentina. Yet exactly these countries have most shaky economic conditions and because of their political immaturity remain a good prey for manipulations and corruption. It is also difficult for them to exist after the violent and traumatic age of political repressions, totalitarian oppression and colonial tyranny before it. Latin America is really a gallery full to the edge with colorful and bright portraits of different dictators: Augusto Pinochet, Rosas, Chaves are among world most famous tyrants. Such position creates a bright contrast between the highly liberal and democratic system of the USA or even Canada colonized mostly by British and French on one side and Hispanic Latino Americans from the South part of the Continent. Like Spain and Portugal were in past more influenced by the African and Middle Eastern influences of Arab culture it can be said that Sout hern America felt deeply Eastern violence characterized by terrible dictatorships unknown to European Monarchies. People like Castro, Jimenez or other generals who like Stalin, Mao, Saddam or Kim Jong-il happened to take all the power in their hands because of war and total poverty of people. The poorer country is the easier it is to blackmail it with most simple products of high importance like food, water, simple safety in your own house and peaceful sky. Wars happen when people are so despaired that they can’t take it anymore.

Hamlet by Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hamlet by Shakespeare - Essay Example From this study it is clear that Hamlet seems to be seduced, as well as repelled by the notion of suicid. In the gravedigger scene, in Act 5, Hamlet seems captivated by the reality of death. Although Hamlet’s fascination with death is intensely entrenched in his character, such fascination could also be a result of his grief following his father’s untimely death. In a sense, Hamlet is an extended dialogue between Hamlet and the element of death. This paper will examine how death permeates Hamlet from the opening scene to the end of the play. Death, in Hamlet, comes with a set of consequences that ultimately affect all characters and the nation, as well.As the essay stresses  death permeates Hamlet from the opening scene when Hamlet’s dead father appears to Hamlet and introduces the aspect of death and its consequences. The ghost of Hamlet’s father signifies a disruption to the conventional social order. This form of disruption emanates from the unnatural death of the country’s (Denmark) figurehead and which is soon followed by a wave of revenge, suicide and accidental deaths. Perhaps Hamlet’s most powerful reflection on death comes in Act 4. Here, Hamlet refuses to tell Claudius where he hid Polonius body. The theme of death is perhaps the main theme of Hamlet especially considering that the plot of the play is set in motion by the unnatural death of Hamlet’s father. Throughout the play, we encounter a number of deaths, either from suicide or murder.  ... Death emerges in the play once again as Hamlet arranges to have Rosencrantz and Guildenstern killed. However, the notion of spiritual terror keeps characters such as Hamlet from committing suicide despite their despair. Such terror emerges as Hamlet finds himself in a difficult position of desiring his death, but also fearing death intensely. This form of double pressure provides the play most of its drama and thrill. However, the aspect of death that Hamlet finds most intriguing is its bodily reality as he argues that mankind is ultimately made of meat and bone, but no matter how much humans value their bodies, they are innately decomposing machines (Act 5). In the scene at the graveyard, Hamlet’s fascination with death emerges as he ponders over Yorick’s skull asking whether a piece of the skull or dead earth has any personality or connection to a being. Hamlet ponders the spiritual aftermath of death as embodied in the form of a ghost and physical aftermath embodied in physical remainders such as the decaying corpses and Yorick’s skull. Moreover, the theme of suicide serves to augment the element of death in Hamlet. Just like the theme of madness, the theme of suicide links characters such as Ophelia and Hamlet and typically shapes the concerns of the play on a larger scale. This is because Ophelia perhaps commits suicide although the act is shrouded in mystery. Hamlet, on the other hand, merely contemplates suicide but is too scared by the notion of death and the spiritual ramifications of suicide to commit it. In both Hamlet and Ophelia’s cases, the most significant outcome of suicide is its religious ramifications. Within Hamlet’s two suicide soliloquies, he reflects on religious mysteries and laws that argue that the

Informal Recommendations Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informal Recommendations Report - Research Paper Example Accounts payable is the hardest working accounting function. It is very important for an organization to use its resources for implementing this best practice in a company. In an organization generally different types of accounting record are being gathered. That information is invoices, purchasing orders and copy of receipt. Person from accounts payable department collects these three important documents and verify those documents before paying the accounts payable (Esma, 2013). It is tough job and highly error prone. Elimination of manual checking is a best practice for accounts payable. It is often being noticed that staffs of a company perform manual check of different bills and sign those bills and enter those information into a computer system. In this whole process staffs may enter faulty information into the system and as the process is done fast so, often some important information are not free from errors. Maintaining database of suppliers is a best practice for payable staffs of a company. It has been observed that maintaining a large data base of supplier is a serious problem for the staffs. It is often being noticed that suppliers make complaints that they are not getting their money in proper time. These kinds of problems generally occur due to large supplier base (Hansen, Otley and Sted, 2003). For resolving this issue reducing the supplier base is a best practice. Budgeting is a very difficult and painful but one of the most important best practices of accounting. It requires significant efforts to come up with a proper budget. Budgeting is all about allocations of the resources of a company in its different operating segments. This process is completed on the basis of past trends and futures forecasting and so levels of uncertainties are there. Those presences of uncertainties are making this a very risky function. It has been observed that when staffs of an organization is presenting the budget in front of the management of

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Turkey and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Turkey and the European Union - Essay Example It will also be considering the significant impacts Turkey's accession would have on the Union, how such an enlargement could be managed, and how this would affect the future of the European Union. Since signing the accession agreement in 1963, Turkey's declared objective is to become a full member of the European Union, and her first application was made in 1987. The reasons that she has not been accepted are based on issues concerning human rights, the Kurds, the Armenian massacre, her long-standing conflict with Cyprus and, perhaps, doubts that exist over whether she is truly European. "Turkey confirms its traditional goal which is to align itself with [a] Europe that is politically plural, economically liberal, rich in cultural diversity and strategically necessary to the defence and security of the West" (FindArticles.com, Online Article, 2007). While it would seem that the EU considers Turkey to be primarily an Asian country, Turkey evidently considers herself to be essentially European, and has been making efforts to 'Europeanise' herself for almost one hundred years.The westernisation of Turkey began during the 1920s, under the leadership of Kemal Attaturk, who introduced a formal and fundamental policy based upon the ultimate goal of becoming part of the European Union. The reforms were extensive. The Latin alphabet was introduced, along with the European calendar, the Christian day of rest was adopted, and women's rights were formally recognised in 1922 (which was far more progressive than most other European countries - France, for example, didn't suffragette their female citizens until 1945!). The civil code was adopted from Switzerland, the penal code from Italy and, most importantly, Turkey brought in measures that assured the removal of Islamic political power, thus becoming a secular state like other European cou ntries - with its only difference being that its members are predominantly Muslim rather than Christian.Following World War II, Turkey was accepted into the West because of her strategic importance. In 1949 she became a member of the Council of Europe, in 1952 an important member of NATO, and she has been an associate member of the European Union since 1963. It is also clear that since the end of the Cold War her strategic importance has increased, rather than decreased - which is clearly demonstrated by her crucial role in the Gulf War - and this strategic position is extremely useful to Europe. Turkey could choose to align herself with the Middle East, or the ex-Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia and Asia, however, due to the political

OJ Simpson's Rise to Fall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OJ Simpson's Rise to Fall - Essay Example However, despite this acquittal, his name had been tarnished and there were few people that believed in his innocence. In fact, in interviews that followed the trial, several of the jurors even voiced their opinions that they believed Simpson had probably committed the murders but due to errors in evidence handling they had produced a verdict of innocence. Though, Simpson was found innocent in the criminal trial this was not the last time he would appear in court regarding the murders. In 1997, after being sued for damages in a civil trial by both the Brown and Goldman families, Simpson was found liable for wrongful death and was ordered to pay $33.5 million dollars to the two families. After both the criminal and civil trials Simpson went on to live life as a free man. Snapshots were often taken of him enjoying time with friends, spending afternoons on the golf course, or picnicking with his children. Photos lead some to believe that Simpson had resumed living a normal life but this was not the case. The public had turned against him. He found it difficult to find work. His career, as he knew it, was over. His endorsements were gone. He was no longer a person people admired, and few people wanted to have their names attached to anything to do with Simpson. He owed large amounts of money to lawyers, the families of the victims, and his children. The type of stardom Simpson had become accustomed to in prior years had ended. The only type of publicity he now received was negative. He became an embarrassment and a mockery of the judicial system. He lost his fan base and had very few valuable supporters. With little income he could no longer make ends meet and eventual ly filed for bankruptcy. Simpson became a mere, shameful, and pathetic shadow of the famed athlete and actor that he once was. His legal issues did not cease after the murder but instead he found himself under the microscope time and time again.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Informal Recommendations Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Informal Recommendations Report - Research Paper Example Accounts payable is the hardest working accounting function. It is very important for an organization to use its resources for implementing this best practice in a company. In an organization generally different types of accounting record are being gathered. That information is invoices, purchasing orders and copy of receipt. Person from accounts payable department collects these three important documents and verify those documents before paying the accounts payable (Esma, 2013). It is tough job and highly error prone. Elimination of manual checking is a best practice for accounts payable. It is often being noticed that staffs of a company perform manual check of different bills and sign those bills and enter those information into a computer system. In this whole process staffs may enter faulty information into the system and as the process is done fast so, often some important information are not free from errors. Maintaining database of suppliers is a best practice for payable staffs of a company. It has been observed that maintaining a large data base of supplier is a serious problem for the staffs. It is often being noticed that suppliers make complaints that they are not getting their money in proper time. These kinds of problems generally occur due to large supplier base (Hansen, Otley and Sted, 2003). For resolving this issue reducing the supplier base is a best practice. Budgeting is a very difficult and painful but one of the most important best practices of accounting. It requires significant efforts to come up with a proper budget. Budgeting is all about allocations of the resources of a company in its different operating segments. This process is completed on the basis of past trends and futures forecasting and so levels of uncertainties are there. Those presences of uncertainties are making this a very risky function. It has been observed that when staffs of an organization is presenting the budget in front of the management of

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

OJ Simpson's Rise to Fall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OJ Simpson's Rise to Fall - Essay Example However, despite this acquittal, his name had been tarnished and there were few people that believed in his innocence. In fact, in interviews that followed the trial, several of the jurors even voiced their opinions that they believed Simpson had probably committed the murders but due to errors in evidence handling they had produced a verdict of innocence. Though, Simpson was found innocent in the criminal trial this was not the last time he would appear in court regarding the murders. In 1997, after being sued for damages in a civil trial by both the Brown and Goldman families, Simpson was found liable for wrongful death and was ordered to pay $33.5 million dollars to the two families. After both the criminal and civil trials Simpson went on to live life as a free man. Snapshots were often taken of him enjoying time with friends, spending afternoons on the golf course, or picnicking with his children. Photos lead some to believe that Simpson had resumed living a normal life but this was not the case. The public had turned against him. He found it difficult to find work. His career, as he knew it, was over. His endorsements were gone. He was no longer a person people admired, and few people wanted to have their names attached to anything to do with Simpson. He owed large amounts of money to lawyers, the families of the victims, and his children. The type of stardom Simpson had become accustomed to in prior years had ended. The only type of publicity he now received was negative. He became an embarrassment and a mockery of the judicial system. He lost his fan base and had very few valuable supporters. With little income he could no longer make ends meet and eventual ly filed for bankruptcy. Simpson became a mere, shameful, and pathetic shadow of the famed athlete and actor that he once was. His legal issues did not cease after the murder but instead he found himself under the microscope time and time again.

Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung Essay Example for Free

Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung Essay Psychological Therapeutic System, more commonly known as, Analytical Psychology, was developed and founded by a Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung. Carl’s family was very involved with the Christian faith, when Carl had his â€Å"initiation† he didn’t have any moving feelings and that was said to be a main reason to why he chose to go on with his later work, he was trying to replace the faith that was missing from his life (Mitchell). Jung and Freud met up and began a six year long journey of research and work together until they split right before World War I in May 1914. Jung soon started his own research which became Analytical Psychology in response to Freud’s psychoanalysis. (Mitchell). â€Å"Jung taught that the psyche consists of various systems including the personal unconscious with its complexes and a collective unconscious with its archetypes,† (PsychoHeresy Awareness Ministries). Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that mans behavior and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sources of what motivates him. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. The unconscious mind was made up of layers; the personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind where each persons unique own experiences and that may not be consciously remembered are stored. Jung believed that the contents of each persons personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes, clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex towards their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioral predispositions that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies. People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of archetypes, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During Analytic Therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain a person’s unconscious thought that even affect their behavior. Jung believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in peoples lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others. The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embraces what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a males personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a womans personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman. Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, these archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individuals collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners (PsychologyCampus. com, 2004). Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment. The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon personal factors, and their main influence is inner needs. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an introverted type. This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. This approach is especially helpful to clients that can remember their dreams and are either interested or troubled in them. They are often asked to keep a journal of their dreams and other impressions that they feel. When working with analytical psychology clients are expected to be as open, spontaneous, and self-observant as they can. Jungians will generally not use any formal assessment procedures while in therapy, and are not likely to diagnose problems. They take dreams very seriously and consider them central to establishing dialect between consciousness and unconsciousness. In a clinical setting, the helper will listen carefully to the client’s dreams and thoughts and intervene and identify important aspects that are noticed (Sommers-Flanagan, 2004). References Mitchell, G. (n. d. ). Carl jung jungian analytical psychology. Retrieved from http://www. trans4mind. com/mind-development/jung. html PsychoHeresy Awareness Ministries, Initials. (n. d. ). Psychoheresy: c. g. jungs legacy to the church. Retrieved from http://www. psychoheresy-aware. org/jungleg. html PsychologyCampus. com, Initials. (2004). Analytical psychology. Retrieved from http://www. psychologycampus. com/analytical-psychology. html Sommers-Flanagan, J R. (2004). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice. Retrieved from http://books. google. ca/books? id=BpzrBuSe0ikCpg=PA128lpg=PA128dq=case+example+analytical+psychologysource=blots=ANhhYx5RISsig=NdjE_dCewzWNnrxc3dL0sB28ZUohl=enei=VNG0TITqJYGCsQPzkKjsCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepageqf=falseÃ'Ž

Monday, October 14, 2019

Theories and Models of Memory

Theories and Models of Memory Baddeley and Hitch developed another model of short-term memory which is called working memory. The distinction between short-term memory and working memory is that short-term memory is frequently used interchangeably with working memory however the two of them should be used separately. Short-term memory refers to just the temporary storage of information within the memory whereas working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily organise, manipulate and store information. Their model also put forward instead of the short-term memory being a single store, it is in fact an active processor containing many different types of stores- the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer. Central executive: The central executive is the main and most important component of the model which can be best described and known for attention. It is responsible for controlling and monitoring the operation of the slave systems known as the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad that have limited capacity, and relates them to the long-term memory. Within the central executive, it decides what information needs to be attended to and which parts of the working memory to send this information to in order to be dealt with. Also, it is its function to decide what working memory pays attention to whenever someone is completing an activity and another activity comes into conflict with it. The central executive basically directs attention and puts the activity most important as priority meaning it selectively attends the important stimuli and ignores the least important. Despite how important the central executive is in the working memory model, we know less about it compared to the two subsystems it controls. It is Baddeley who suggests that the central executive functions more like a system that controls attentional processes, rather than a memory store. This is unlike the visuo-spatial sketch pad and the phonological loop which are both specialised storage systems. Phonological loop: The phonological loop holds speech-based information for 1-2 seconds and is composed of an articulatory control process and a phonological store. The articulatory control process acts as an inner voice which practices information from the phonological store by repeating it again and again. An example of this is remembering a phone number we have just heard. As long as we keep repeating it in our heads, we can retain the information in working memory. The phonological store on the other hand is the inner ear. Spoken words enter the store directly meanwhile written words must firstly be changed into a spoken code before they can enter the phonological store. The working memory model has strengths and is supported by Shallice and Warrington (1974). Theyfound support for the working memory model through their case study of KF. KF was a brain damaged individual who had an impaired short-term memory. He struggled to immediately recall words which were represented verbally, but was fine with visual information. This suggested that he had an intact visuo-spatial sketchpad but an impaired articulatory loop, therefore showing evidence for the working memory models view of short-term memory. This finding couldnt be explained using the multi-store model of memory, which therefore put forward that the short-term memory was just one system. Visuo-spatial sketchpad: The visuo-spatial sketchpad is known as the inner eye and refers to what things look like. It also processes the temporary storage of spatial and visual information. It can manipulate visual and spatial information held in the long-term memory, and images in two and three dimensions, for example people can recall someones face they know from long-term memory in only two dimensions and can also imagine walking around their kitchen in three dimensions. Evidence suggesting that the working memory uses two completely different systems for dealing with verbal and visual information is that it is much harder to perform two verbal tasks at the same time because they interfere with each other and results in performance being reduced. The same applies to carrying out two visual tasks at the same time. However, a verbal processing and visual processing task can be completed at the same time because the information does not interfere. Furthermore, this supports the view that the sketch pad and phonological loop are two separate systems within the working memory. Gathercole and Baddeley (1993) also support the working memory model and they completed a lab study where people participating were divided into two groups. All of them had to complete a task which involved them following a moving spot of light. This would use the visuo-spatial sketchpad. At the same time as this was going on, one group also had to describe the angles on a letter, which was another task involving the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The other group meanwhile was given a second task that would involve and use the phonological loop and they were given a verbal task whilst following the light. The results were that Gathercole and Baddeley found the performance was way better in the participants completing tasks which used separate systems. Episodic buffer: The episodic buffer was added into the working memory model by Baddeley in 2000 after the model failed to explain the results of various experiments. It briefly stores information from the other subsystems, integrating it together, along with information from the long-term memory, resulting in complete scenes or episodes. It basically acts like a backup store which communicates with both the components of the working memory and the long-term memory. The episodic buffer is not limited to one sense only, unlike the other two slave systems. Its functions seems to weave visual memories, bind memories together and phonological memories into single episodes, which then become stored in the episodic long-term memory. The central executive chooses information from the phonological and the visuo-spatial sketchpad that go into the episodic buffer to then form an episode of memory. Along with this, the episodic buffer also appears to download episodes from the long-term memory, referring them to be analysed and possibly recalled to conscious memory.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Influence Tactics Essay -- Rational Persuasion, Pressure Tactics

Rational persuasion has been found to be used in all three directions: upwards, downwards and laterally. (Yukl, & Falbe, 1990) Rational persuasion is used in all directions in organizations because it is relevant in most discussions. Another contingency affecting the use of rational persuasion is the objective of the influence attempt. (Yukl, Guinan, & Sottolano, 1995) Rational persuasion has been shown to be used most often to procure political support, resources, or approvals. Rational persuasion has been shown to be flexible and adaptable for the vast majority of situations involving influence. However, it is even more so relevant when attempting to obtain the desired results stated above. Personality Factors The use of rational persuasion, as an influence tactic, is also affected by the personality style of the influencer. Managers who score high on conscientiousness will be more likely to adopt upward influence tactics that involve rational persuasion. (Cable, & Judge, 2003) Rational persuasions are consistent with the practical, careful, thorough and organized disposition characterized by conscientious workers. Along with the direct effects of personality styles there is also an interaction between the personality traits of the influencer and the leadership style of the target superior. An individual that scores high on extraversion, and believes their leader is inspirational will be less likely to employ rational persuasion. Extraversion includes characteristics such as assertiveness, sociability, and energy. (Thoms, Moore, & Scott, 1996) Extraverts differ from some conscientious people, in that they tend to be more people focused rather than task focused. Rational persuasion focuses on the task and the reasoning t... ...nsultation tactics are, for the most part, a positive way to gain commitment of the target. Some peers or superiors, however, will use this tactic in an attempt to bring someone on board of a project simply to place blame on them if it fails. The two most effective influence tactics are rational persuasion and inspirational appeals. Inspirational appeals are the most effective when used by a superior influencing a subordinate. This type of tactic is unlikely to bring about negative actions by the target. They tend to appeal to the influencers positive emotions of enthusiasm and loyalty. Rational persuasion can be used in upward, lateral, or downward influence, and is a very versatile tactic. It has a low likelihood to cause negative reactions as well. It appeals to the intellectual and rationality side of the target, and doesn’t attack them on a personal level.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Compare and Contrast Tennysons Mariana with Brownings Porphyrias Lov

Compare and Contrast Tennyson's Mariana with Browning's Porphyria's Lover. What is the emotional state of each speaker and how effectively is this conveyed? Tennyson and Browning were contemporary Victorian poets. During his lifetime, Tennyson was made Poet Laureate. His poem 'Mariana' is very cyclical and minimal. The mood is depressive, which reflected Tennyson's family traits, as Tennyson himself was very susceptible to depression. However, Browning's 'Porphyria's Lover' is very linear as the action clearly moves from one stage to another and is not so repetitive. The remote and rural location of each poem portrays a sense of loneliness and isolation that is directed towards the central character. This heightens feeling and emotion and enables them to be introspected and egocentric. Both Mariana and Porphyria's Lover as people are unhappy with their current lives. They both desire love, as they feel frustrated because of their lovers. However, the two are slightly different. Mariana has been dejected whereas Porphyria's lover needs to control the relationship. In verse one of 'Mariana', the overall theme is one of isolation and neglect. The 'rusted nails' and 'broken shed' set the scene that Mariana too is neglected throughout the poem. 'My life is dreary' is Mariana showing her depression and also turning the misery in on herself; her lover 'cometh not'. Verse two shows Mariana crying. Her misery and gloominess are overwhelmingly apparent. Also her isolation from people is evident as she is shown to be in-tune with nature as her tears correspond to the drops of dew in the fields around her. Other features of her background are also appropriate. 'She glanced athwart the glooming flats' sugges... ...f, 'O God, that I were dead!' Another similarity is obvious here because both solutions are death but the difference is that Mariana but must commit suicide. 'Mariana' is very much a Victorian feminist poem in stressing female passivity, which was very prominent in that era. 'Porphyria's Lover' reinforces the idea of male activity and dominance compared with females having the over ruling power. Both poems are very successful in portraying desperate situations but focus on different points. Tennyson is very effective in showing a switch in power and the thought process of the central character. However, Browning's depiction of detail around Mariana's entrapment is most impressive. The way we can see her life going round and round in circles with amazing background ingredients is fantastic imagery by Tennyson. Therefore I think Mariana is more effective. Compare and Contrast Tennyson's Mariana with Browning's Porphyria's Lov Compare and Contrast Tennyson's Mariana with Browning's Porphyria's Lover. What is the emotional state of each speaker and how effectively is this conveyed? Tennyson and Browning were contemporary Victorian poets. During his lifetime, Tennyson was made Poet Laureate. His poem 'Mariana' is very cyclical and minimal. The mood is depressive, which reflected Tennyson's family traits, as Tennyson himself was very susceptible to depression. However, Browning's 'Porphyria's Lover' is very linear as the action clearly moves from one stage to another and is not so repetitive. The remote and rural location of each poem portrays a sense of loneliness and isolation that is directed towards the central character. This heightens feeling and emotion and enables them to be introspected and egocentric. Both Mariana and Porphyria's Lover as people are unhappy with their current lives. They both desire love, as they feel frustrated because of their lovers. However, the two are slightly different. Mariana has been dejected whereas Porphyria's lover needs to control the relationship. In verse one of 'Mariana', the overall theme is one of isolation and neglect. The 'rusted nails' and 'broken shed' set the scene that Mariana too is neglected throughout the poem. 'My life is dreary' is Mariana showing her depression and also turning the misery in on herself; her lover 'cometh not'. Verse two shows Mariana crying. Her misery and gloominess are overwhelmingly apparent. Also her isolation from people is evident as she is shown to be in-tune with nature as her tears correspond to the drops of dew in the fields around her. Other features of her background are also appropriate. 'She glanced athwart the glooming flats' sugges... ...f, 'O God, that I were dead!' Another similarity is obvious here because both solutions are death but the difference is that Mariana but must commit suicide. 'Mariana' is very much a Victorian feminist poem in stressing female passivity, which was very prominent in that era. 'Porphyria's Lover' reinforces the idea of male activity and dominance compared with females having the over ruling power. Both poems are very successful in portraying desperate situations but focus on different points. Tennyson is very effective in showing a switch in power and the thought process of the central character. However, Browning's depiction of detail around Mariana's entrapment is most impressive. The way we can see her life going round and round in circles with amazing background ingredients is fantastic imagery by Tennyson. Therefore I think Mariana is more effective.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Themes in Things Fall Apart

In Chinua Achebe's acclaimed novel, Things Fall Apart, there are various themes which make up the complexity and richness of the story. Although it is a work of fiction, Achebe touches upon contemporary issues involving Africa and colonialism. Colonialism is defined as political control over another country. Often this means exploiting its resources and tampering with the precious culture of the people. Post- colonial Africa is still trying to recover, by trying to adapt a mindset of what it truly means to be an African.Achebe explores these issues through his own African roots nd portrays what he believes is the true essence of African culture. One major theme of the novel is language. Language is the most effective and prominently used tool for communicating to other people. It is clear that speech is used in a different form depending on who is addressed. For example, when addressing an Igbo god or an ancestral spirit, one uses a formal tone of speech. This is to show a sign of re spect.Similarly, when people of the tribe approach and speak to Okonkwo, they use a similar tone. They respect Okonkwo for his many feats including beating Amalinze the cat. For this reason, they reflect their feeling in their speech. A significant speech barrier occurred between the Christian Missionaires. In order to communicate with the people they were required to use an interpretor. An interpretor does not always deliver the message precisely, causing severe lines of miscommunication.Eventually, these unclear communication lines could lead to ignorance among the two peoples. Another form of communication in the tribe are the folktales and proverbs. This is the Igbo peoples way of communicating their values to the younger generations. Language plays a very important role in their society, and the loss of their language is a tremendous loss of their culture. Another important theme in the novel is the theme of gender. Gender roles are central to Igbo society. To understand Igbo w orldview it is essential to understand the cultural gender roles.Even the crops are separated by male and female; in example, the yam is said to be a male crop. Males are expected to be masculine in every sense of the word. They should be physically strong and equally as violent. They are not to show emotion because that is considered a sign of weakness. For instance, Okonkwo rarely shows affection towards his children because that would be a weak sign of emotion. Due to this fact, men in the Igbo culture are assigned the role of warriors and hunters.The men do all of the hard labor and interact largely within the public sphere. On the other hand, women are viewed as weak because they do not physically compare to men. In a similar way, woman display emotions which supposedly diminishes their strength. However, women dominate the private sphere. Their role is to raise the family, clean the home, cook, etc. It is a bit ironic that the mportant Job of raising the children is given to t he â€Å"weaker† sex; Achebe touches upon this fact.The character of Okonkwo takes the idealology of masculinity too far. He suffers from patrophobia because he does not want to be like his father who was lazy and weak. For this reason he is cold towards his children and eventually kills his adoptive son Nwoye. Achebe makes it clear that these actions are not acceptable within the community. There must always be a balance between feminine and Additionally, the theme of religion is one prominently discussed within the novel. The Igbo people have a religion that is based upon the earth.Their entire culture revolves around agriculture and the mystery of nature and the seasons; therefore, they worship gods and goddesses which will help them in this dominating aspect of their lives. The people are fearful that if they commit a sin against their god that they will be punished by way of crop elimination or natural disaster. Also, considering the central role of family, ancestral spi rits are extremely important to the Igbo people. It is imperative that the people do not forget their ancestors, for they believe that if they give thanks to them, then they in spirit will reward them in return.The ancestral spirits are respected to the point that Judges in trials (masked elders) represent the ancestors who were wise and Just in decision making. During colonialism, Christian missionaries pushed the idea of a singular monolithic God. This idea was very foreign to the people and seemed irrevelvent to Igbo lifestyle. Some Igbo people accepted this new idea, however others remained firm in their beliefs. This shows the Igbo peoples open-mindedness when it comes to the spiritual world. To demean their spiritual nature would be to degrade their culture.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 14

She got David's room number from a receptionist at the front desk. She didn't ask if she was allowed to visit. All Gillian could think as she walked down the hall was, Please. Please, if David was only all right, there was a chance that everything could work out. At the door she stopped and held her breath. Her mind was showing her all sorts of pictures. David in a coma, hooked up to so many tubes and wires that he was unrecognizable. Worse, David alive and awake and smiling†¦ and looking at her with violet eyes. She knew what Angel's plan had been. At least, she thought she knew. The only question was, had he succeeded? Still holding her breath, she looked around the door. David was sitting up in bed. The only thing he was hooked up to was an IV of clear fluid. There was another bed in the room, empty. He looked toward the door and saw her. Gillian walked toward him slowly. She kept her face absolutely expressionless, her eyes on him. Dark hair. A lean face that still had traces of a summer tan. Cheekbones to die for and eyes to drown in. But no half-quizzical, half-friendly smile. He was looking back at her as soberly as she was looking at him, a book slipping unnoticed from his lap. Gillian reached the foot of the hospital bed. They stared at each other. What do I say? David, is it really you? I can't. It's too stupid, and what's he going to say back? No, dragonfly, it's not him, it's me? The silence stretched on. At last, very quietly, the guy on the bed said, â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yeah.† The word came out clipped and dispassionate. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yeah, pretty much. I was lucky.† He was watching her. â€Å"You look-kind of different.† â€Å"And you're kind of quiet.† Something like puzzlement flashed in his eyes. Then something like hurt. â€Å"I was†¦ well, you walked in here looking so deadpan, and you sound so †¦ cold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head slightly, his eyes fixed on hers. â€Å"Gillian-did I do something to make you want to hit that pole?† â€Å"I didn't do it on purpose!† She found herself lunging forward, reaching for his hands. He looked startled. â€Å"Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"David, I didn't. I was doing everything I could not to. I would never want to hurt you. Don't you know that?† His face cleared. His eyes were very dark but very calm. â€Å"Yes, I do/' he said simply. â€Å"I believe you.† Strangely, she knew he did. hi spite of all the evidence to the contrary, he believed her. Gillian's hands tightened on his. Their eyes were locked together. It was as if they were getting closer, although neither of them moved physically. And then it was all happening, what had started to happen at least twice before. Feelings so sweet and strong she could hardly bear it. Strange recognition, unexpected belonging†¦ impossible knowing†¦ Gillian's eyes seemed to shut of their own accord. And then somehow they were kissing. She felt the warmth of David's lips. And everything was warm and wonderful†¦ but there was more. It was as if the normal veil that separated two people had melted. Gillian felt a shock of revelation. This was what it meant, what Angel had spoken to her about. She knew it intuitively even though she'd never spoken the word before. Soulmates. She'd found hers. The one love for her on this earth. The person she was meant to be with, that no one could keep her from. And it wasn't Angel. It was David. That was the other thing she knew, and knew with a bedrock certainty that nothing could touch. This was David, the true David. He was holding her in his arms, kissing her. Her, the ordinary Gillian, who was wearing an old gray sweatshirt and no makeup. It was absurd that she'd ever believed things like makeup mattered. David was alive, that was what mattered. Gillian didn't have his death on her conscience. And if they could somehow live through the rest of what had to be done, they just might be happier than she had ever imagined. How weird that she could still think. But they didn't seem to be kissing anymore; they were just holding each other now. And that was almost as good, just feeling his body against hers. Gillian pulled away. â€Å"David-â€Å" His eyes were full of wonder. â€Å"You know what? I love you.† â€Å"I know.† Gillian realized she was being less than romantic. She couldn't help it. This was the time for action. â€Å"David, I have to tell you some things, and I don't know if you can believe me. But you've got to try.† â€Å"Gillian, I said I love you. I mean that. We-â€Å" Then he stopped and searched her face. He seemed to see something that changed his mind. â€Å"I love you,† he said in a different tone. â€Å"So I'll believe you.† â€Å"The first thing is that I'm not anything like what you think. I'm not brave, or noble, or witty in the face of danger or-or anything like that. It's all been-a sort of set-up. And here's how it happened.† And then she told him. Everything. From the beginning, from the afternoon when she'd heard the crying in the woods and followed it and died and found an angel. She told him the whole story, about how Angel had appeared in her room that night and how he'd changed her whole life. About the whispering that had guided her ever since. And about the very bad things. Her witch heritage. The spell she'd put on Tanya. The Night World. All the way up to the accident last night. When she was done, she sat back and looked at him. â€Å"Well?† â€Å"Well, I probably ought to think you're crazy. But I don't. Maybe I'm crazy, too. Or maybe it's because I died once, myself. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You started to tell me that, that first night- and then the car skidded. What happened?† â€Å"When I was seven my appendix burst. I died on the operating table-and I went to a place like that meadow. I'll tell you the funny thing, though. I felt that rushing thing come at me, too-that huge thing you said came at you hi the end. Only it actually reached me. And it wasn't dark or scary. It was white-beautiful light-and it had wonderful wings.† Gillian was staring. â€Å"Then what?† â€Å"It sent me back. I didn't have any choice. It loved me, but I had to go back anyway. So- zoom-back down the tunnel, and pop, back into the body. I've never forgotten it. And, it's hard to explain, but I know it was real. I guess that's why I believe you.† â€Å"Then maybe you understand what I've got to do. I don't know what Angel really is. †¦ I think he may be some kind of demon. But I've got to stop him. Exorcize him or whatever.† David took her by the arms. â€Å"You can't. You don't know how.† â€Å"But maybe Melusine does. It's either her or that guy Ash at the club. He seemed all right. The only down side is that I think he was a vampire.† David had stiffened. â€Å"I vote for the witch-â€Å" â€Å"Me, too.† â€Å"-but I want you to wait for me. They'll let me out later this afternoon.† â€Å"I can't. David, it's for Tanya and Kim, too. Melusine might know how to cure them. Anyway, I'm certainly going to ask her. And I can't let any more time go by.† David pulled at his hair with the hand that wasn't hooked to the IV. â€Å"Okay. All right, give me five minutes, and we'll go together now.† â€Å"No.† He was looking at the IV as if figuring out how to undo it. â€Å"Yes. Just wait for me-â€Å" Gillian blew him a kiss from the door and ran before he looked up. He couldn't help her. You couldn't fight Angel in ordinary ways. All David would be was leverage in Angel's hands-a hostage-something to threaten to harm. Gillian jogged out of the hospital and through the parking lot. She found the Geo. Okay, now if Melusine would just be at the store†¦ {You don't really want to do this, you know.) Gillian slammed the car door closed. She sat up very straight, looking at nothing, as she fastened her seatbelt and started the car. (Listen, kid. You ain't never had a friend like me.) Gillian pulled out of the parking lot. (Come on, give me a break. We can at least talk about this, can't we? There are some things you don't understand.) She couldn't listen to him. She didn't dare answer him. The last time, he'd hypnotized her somehow, made her relax and give up control to him. That couldn't happen again. But she couldn't shut his voice out. She couldn't get away from it. (And you can't love him. There are rules against it. I'm serious. You belong to the Night World now-you're not allowed to love a human. If they find out, they'll kill you both.) (And what were you trying to do to us?) Damn, she'd answered him back. She wouldn't do that again. (Not hurt you. It was only him I wanted. I could have slipped in as he slipped out†¦) Don't listen, Gillian told herself. There must be some way of blocking him, of keeping him out of her mind†¦ She began to sing. â€Å"DECK the halls with boughs of HOL-ly Fa la la lala†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hadn't been able to hear her thoughts when she hummed before. It seemed to work, now, as long as she kept her mind on the lyrics. She sang Christmas carols. Loudly. The fast ones, like â€Å"God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen† and â€Å"Joy to the World,† were best. â€Å"The Twelve Days of Christmas† got her the last few miles to Woodbridge. Please be there†¦ â€Å"FIVE golden rings,† she caroled, hurrying into the Woodbridge Five and Ten with the shoe box under her arm. She didn't care who thought she was crazy. â€Å"FOUR calling birds, THREE French hens †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She was at the door to the back room. â€Å"TWO turtle doves †¦Ã¢â‚¬  A very startled Melusine looked up from behind the counter. â€Å"And a†¦ please, you've got to help me! I've got this Angel who's trying to kill people!† She broke off the song and rushed to Melusine. â€Å"You've†¦ what?† â€Å"I've got this-angel thing. And I can't stop him from talking to me†¦.† Gillian suddenly realized that Angel had stopped talking. â€Å"Maybe he got scared when I came in here. But I still need your help. Please.† Suddenly her eyes were stinging with tears again. Melusine leaned both elbows on the counter and rested her chin on her hands. She looked surprised, but willing. â€Å"Why don't you tell me about it?† For the second time that day, Gillian told her story. All of it. She hoped that by telling everything, she could make Melusine understand her urgency. And her lack of experience. â€Å"So I'm not even a real witch,† she said at the end. â€Å"Oh, you're a witch, all right,† Melusine said. There was color in her cheeks and a look of fascination in her dark eyes. â€Å"He told you the truth about that. Everybody knows about the lost Harman babies. Little Elspeth-the records say that she died in England. But obviously she didn't. And you're her descendant.† â€Å"Which means it's okay for me to do spells?† Melusine laughed. â€Å"It's okay for anyone to do spells who can do spells. In my opinion. Some people don't feel the same way-â€Å" â€Å"But can you help me take the spells off?† Gillian opened the shoe box. She felt ashamed to show the dolls to Melusine-even though she'd bought them here. â€Å"I wouldn't have done it if I'd known,† she murmured feebly, as Melusine looked at the dolls. â€Å"I know.† Melusine gestured at her to be quiet. Gillian watched tensely and waited for the verdict. â€Å"Okay, it looks as if you've started the process already. But I think†¦ maybe some healing salve†¦ and blessed thistle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She bustled around, almost flying in her chair. She applied things to the dolls. She asked Gillian to concentrate with her, and she said words Gillian didn't recognize. Finally, she wrapped the wax dolls in what looked like white silk, and put them back in the box. â€Å"Is that all? It's done?† â€Å"Well, I think it's a good idea to keep the dolls, just in case we need to do more healing. Then, after that, we can unname them and get rid of them.† â€Å"But now Tanya and Kim will be okay?† Gillian was anxious for reassurance, and she couldn't help the quick glance of doubt she cast-at Melusine's missing leg. Melusine was direct. â€Å"If they've had anything amputated, it won't cure them. We can't grow new limbs.† She touched her leg. â€Å"This happened in a boating accident. But otherwise, yes, they should get better.† Gillian let out a breath she seemed to have been holding for hours. She shut her eyes. â€Å"Thanks. Thank you, Melusine. You don't know how good it feels to not feel like you're maiming somebody.† Then she opened her eyes. â€Å"But the hard part's still to come.† † ‘Angel.'† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Well, I think you're right about it being hard.† She looked Gillian straight in the eye. â€Å"And dangerous.† â€Å"I know that already.† Gillian turned and took a quick pace around the room. â€Å"He can get into my mind and make me do things-â€Å" â€Å"Not just your mind. Anyone's.† â€Å"And I'm pretty sure he can move objects by himself. Make cars skid. And he sees everything.† She came back to the counter. â€Å"Melusine-what is he? And why's he doing all this? And why to me?† â€Å"Well, the last question's the easiest. Because you died.† Melusine wheeled quickly to a bookshelf at the end of the counter. She pulled down a volume. â€Å"He must have caught you in the between-place, the place between earth and the Other Side. The place where he was,† she said, wheeling back. â€Å"He pretended to be the welcomer, the one who guides you to the Other Side. That thing rushing at you at the end-that was probably the real welcomer. But this ‘Angel' got you out of the between-place before it could reach you.† Gillian spoke flatly. â€Å"He's not a real angel, is he?† â€Å"No.† Gillian braced herself. â€Å"Is he a devil?† â€Å"I don't think so.† Melusine's voice was gentle. She opened the book, flipping pages. â€Å"From the way you brought him back with you, I think he must be a spirit. There are two ways of getting spirits from the between-place: you can summon them or you can go fetch them yourself. You did it the hard way.† â€Å"Wait a minute. You're saying I brought him?† â€Å"Well, not consciously. I'm sure you didn't mean to. It sounds like he just sort of grabbed on and whooshed down the tunnel-what we call the narrow path-right along with you. Spirits in the between-place can watch us, sometimes talk to us, but they can't really interact with us. When you brought him to earth, you set him free to interact.† â€Å"Oh, wonderful,† Gillian whispered. â€Å"So on top of everything, it's my fault from the beginning.† She looked around dazedly, then back at Melusine. â€Å"But what is a spirit, really? A dead person?† â€Å"An unhappy dead person.† Melusine turned pages. † ‘An earthbound spirit is a damaged soul†¦' † She shut the book. â€Å"Look, it's actually simple. When a spirit is really unhappy-when they've done something awful, or they've died with unfinished business-then they don't go on to the Other Side. They get stuck in-well, the book calls it ‘the astral planes near earth.' We call it the between-place.† â€Å"Stuck.† â€Å"They won't go on. They're too angry and hopeless to even want to be healed. And they can do awful things to living people if they get down here, just out of general miserableness.† â€Å"But how do you get rid of them?† Melusine drew a breath. â€Å"Well, that's the hard part. You can send them back to the between-place-if you have some blood and hair from their physical body. And if you have all sorts of special ingredients, which I can't get. And if you have the right spell, which I don't know.† â€Å"I see.† â€Å"And in any case, that only traps him in the between-place again. It doesn't heal him. But, Gillian, there's something I've got to tell you.† Melusine's face was very serious, and she spoke almost formally. â€Å"You may not need to rely on me.† â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Gillian †¦ I don't think you really understand who you are. Did he-this spirit-explain to you just how important the Harmans are?† â€Å"He said Elspeth's sister was some big witch leader.† â€Å"The biggest. She's the Crone, the leader of all the witches. And the Harmans are-well, they're sort of like the royal family to us.† Gillian smiled bleakly. â€Å"So I'm a witch princess?† â€Å"You told me that Elspeth is your mother's mother's mother. You're descended entirely through the female line from her. But that's-extraordinary. There are almost no Harman girls left. There were only two in the world-and now there's you. Don't you see, if you let the Night World know about this, they'll flock to help you. They'll take care of Angel.† Gillian was unimpressed. â€Å"And how long will that take?† â€Å"For them to gather and everything†¦ check out your family, make all the preparations †¦ I don't know. It could probably be done in a matter of weeks.† â€Å"Too long. Way too long. You don't know what Angel can do in a few weeks.† â€Å"Then you can try to do it yourself.† â€Å"But how?† â€Å"Well, you'd have to find out who he was as a person and what business he left unfinished. Then you'd have to finish it. And finally, you'd have to convince him to go on. To be willing to leave the between-place for the Other Side.† She glanced wryly at Gillian. â€Å"I told you it would be hard.† â€Å"And I don't think he'd be very cooperative. He wouldn't like it.† â€Å"No. He could hurt you, Gillian.† Gillian nodded. â€Å"It doesn't matter. It's what I've got to do.†